*------------------------------------------* RUNNER: TidesDB vs RocksDB Comparison Date: Thu Jan 29 06:10:05 PM EST 2026 Sync Mode: DISABLED (maximum performance) Parameters: Default Batch Size: 1000 Default Threads: 8 Environment: Hostname: agpmastersystem Kernel: 6.2.0-39-generic Filesystem: unknown CPU: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-11700K @ 3.60GHz CPU Cores: 16 Memory: 46Gi Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* ### 1. Sequential Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 7238299.29 ops/sec ITER: 8610527.75 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2091865.09 ops/sec ITER: 5731292.92 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 7238299.29 ops/sec Duration: 1.382 seconds Latency (avg): 983.04 μs Latency (stddev): 257.70 μs Latency (CV): 26.21% Latency (p50): 918.00 μs Latency (p95): 1513.00 μs Latency (p99): 1728.00 μs Latency (min): 496.00 μs Latency (max): 5213.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8610527.75 ops/sec Duration: 1.161 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2478.51 MB Peak VMS: 2848.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1194.31 MB CPU User Time: 10.589 seconds CPU System Time: 1.543 seconds CPU Utilization: 476.9% Database Size: 110.66 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2091865.09 ops/sec Duration: 4.780 seconds Latency (avg): 3823.27 μs Latency (stddev): 16129.38 μs Latency (CV): 421.87% Latency (p50): 2744.00 μs Latency (p95): 3497.00 μs Latency (p99): 12114.00 μs Latency (min): 798.00 μs Latency (max): 345024.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 5731292.92 ops/sec Duration: 1.745 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2768.70 MB Peak VMS: 3341.65 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 1553.32 MB CPU User Time: 15.003 seconds CPU System Time: 1.347 seconds CPU Utilization: 250.5% Database Size: 241.47 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.22x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 3.46x faster (7238299 vs 2091865 ops/sec) ITER: 1.50x faster (8610528 vs 5731293 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 983.04 μs vs 3823.27 μs PUT p99: 1728.00 μs vs 12114.00 μs PUT max: 5213.00 μs vs 345024.00 μs PUT CV: 26.21% vs 421.87% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2478.51 MB vs 2768.70 MB Peak VMS: 2848.98 MB vs 3341.65 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 1194.31 MB vs 1553.32 MB CPU User Time: 10.589 s vs 15.003 s CPU System Time: 1.543 s vs 1.347 s CPU Utilization: 476.9% vs 250.5% Database Size: 110.66 MB vs 241.47 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.08x vs 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 2. Random Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2766642.81 ops/sec ITER: 3382792.01 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1496374.73 ops/sec ITER: 4893651.17 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2766642.81 ops/sec Duration: 3.614 seconds Latency (avg): 2477.71 μs Latency (stddev): 698.43 μs Latency (CV): 28.19% Latency (p50): 2479.00 μs Latency (p95): 3692.00 μs Latency (p99): 4762.00 μs Latency (min): 589.00 μs Latency (max): 5643.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3382792.01 ops/sec Duration: 2.956 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2487.07 MB Peak VMS: 3090.69 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1239.30 MB CPU User Time: 31.022 seconds CPU System Time: 1.931 seconds CPU Utilization: 501.4% Database Size: 88.93 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1496374.73 ops/sec Duration: 6.683 seconds Latency (avg): 5344.92 μs Latency (stddev): 43329.61 μs Latency (CV): 810.67% Latency (p50): 3767.00 μs Latency (p95): 4623.00 μs Latency (p99): 5106.00 μs Latency (min): 1352.00 μs Latency (max): 1519833.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4893651.17 ops/sec Duration: 2.043 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2725.99 MB Peak VMS: 3534.31 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1442.82 MB CPU User Time: 22.135 seconds CPU System Time: 1.212 seconds CPU Utilization: 267.4% Database Size: 131.38 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.12x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.85x faster (2766643 vs 1496375 ops/sec) ITER: 1.45x slower (3382792 vs 4893651 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2477.71 μs vs 5344.92 μs PUT p99: 4762.00 μs vs 5106.00 μs PUT max: 5643.00 μs vs 1519833.00 μs PUT CV: 28.19% vs 810.67% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2487.07 MB vs 2725.99 MB Peak VMS: 3090.69 MB vs 3534.31 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1239.30 MB vs 1442.82 MB CPU User Time: 31.022 s vs 22.135 s CPU System Time: 1.931 s vs 1.212 s CPU Utilization: 501.4% vs 267.4% Database Size: 88.93 MB vs 131.38 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.12x vs 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 3. Random Read Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (10M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2819084.41 ops/sec ITER: 3711109.43 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2819084.41 ops/sec Duration: 3.547 seconds Latency (avg): 2518.23 μs Latency (stddev): 885.65 μs Latency (CV): 35.17% Latency (p50): 2296.00 μs Latency (p95): 4113.00 μs Latency (p99): 4804.00 μs Latency (min): 794.00 μs Latency (max): 13009.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3711109.43 ops/sec Duration: 2.695 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2482.93 MB Peak VMS: 2947.47 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1208.36 MB CPU User Time: 29.390 seconds CPU System Time: 1.795 seconds CPU Utilization: 499.5% Database Size: 89.91 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 3387304.38 ops/sec ITER: 8921752.66 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 3387304.38 ops/sec Duration: 2.952 seconds Latency (avg): 2.23 μs Latency (stddev): 4.32 μs Latency (CV): 193.54% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 4153.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8921752.66 ops/sec Duration: 1.121 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1693.25 MB Peak VMS: 1949.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 20.899 seconds CPU System Time: 4.147 seconds CPU Utilization: 528.9% Database Size: 89.91 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2178902.26 ops/sec ITER: 4409266.34 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2178902.26 ops/sec Duration: 4.589 seconds Latency (avg): 3669.97 μs Latency (stddev): 844.24 μs Latency (CV): 23.00% Latency (p50): 3700.00 μs Latency (p95): 4334.00 μs Latency (p99): 5347.00 μs Latency (min): 1170.00 μs Latency (max): 21511.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4409266.34 ops/sec Duration: 2.268 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 288.92 MB Peak VMS: 1357.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1433.66 MB CPU User Time: 18.888 seconds CPU System Time: 1.351 seconds CPU Utilization: 295.1% Database Size: 190.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 1436511.23 ops/sec ITER: 6659048.71 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 1436511.23 ops/sec Duration: 6.961 seconds Latency (avg): 4.44 μs Latency (stddev): 2.28 μs Latency (CV): 51.41% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 615.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6659048.71 ops/sec Duration: 1.502 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 367.29 MB Peak VMS: 1439.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 85.93 MB CPU User Time: 47.126 seconds CPU System Time: 4.785 seconds CPU Utilization: 565.1% Database Size: 86.10 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 4. Mixed Workload (50/50 Read/Write, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3370748.64 ops/sec GET: 1681542.15 ops/sec ITER: 3556658.28 ops/sec (5000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2211776.74 ops/sec GET: 1545803.87 ops/sec ITER: 5173964.20 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3370748.64 ops/sec Duration: 1.483 seconds Latency (avg): 2209.34 μs Latency (stddev): 659.80 μs Latency (CV): 29.86% Latency (p50): 2070.00 μs Latency (p95): 3452.00 μs Latency (p99): 4489.00 μs Latency (min): 700.00 μs Latency (max): 5042.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1681542.15 ops/sec Duration: 2.973 seconds Latency (avg): 4.46 μs Latency (stddev): 6.44 μs Latency (CV): 144.25% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 12025.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3556658.28 ops/sec Duration: 1.406 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1279.14 MB Peak VMS: 1824.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 608.23 MB CPU User Time: 36.707 seconds CPU System Time: 1.276 seconds CPU Utilization: 611.6% Database Size: 43.55 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2211776.74 ops/sec Duration: 2.261 seconds Latency (avg): 3613.60 μs Latency (stddev): 453.96 μs Latency (CV): 12.56% Latency (p50): 3689.00 μs Latency (p95): 4258.00 μs Latency (p99): 4730.00 μs Latency (min): 946.00 μs Latency (max): 5489.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1545803.87 ops/sec Duration: 3.235 seconds Latency (avg): 4.79 μs Latency (stddev): 2.34 μs Latency (CV): 48.88% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 237.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 5173964.20 ops/sec Duration: 0.966 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 619.40 MB Peak VMS: 1292.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.38 MB CPU User Time: 31.870 seconds CPU System Time: 2.467 seconds CPU Utilization: 505.2% Database Size: 79.92 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.52x faster (3370749 vs 2211777 ops/sec) GET: 1.09x faster (1681542 vs 1545804 ops/sec) ITER: 1.45x slower (3556658 vs 5173964 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2209.34 μs vs 3613.60 μs PUT p99: 4489.00 μs vs 4730.00 μs PUT max: 5042.00 μs vs 5489.00 μs PUT CV: 29.86% vs 12.56% GET avg: 4.46 μs vs 4.79 μs GET p99: 11.00 μs vs 12.00 μs GET max: 12025.00 μs vs 237.00 μs GET CV: 144.25% vs 48.88% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1279.14 MB vs 619.40 MB Peak VMS: 1824.48 MB vs 1292.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 608.23 MB vs 690.38 MB CPU User Time: 36.707 s vs 31.870 s CPU System Time: 1.276 s vs 2.467 s CPU Utilization: 611.6% vs 505.2% Database Size: 43.55 MB vs 79.92 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.10x vs 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 5. Hot Key Workload (Zipfian Distribution, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2750488.35 ops/sec ITER: 4487951.11 ops/sec (660218 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1701943.99 ops/sec ITER: 1073109.19 ops/sec (660958 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2750488.35 ops/sec Duration: 1.818 seconds Latency (avg): 2690.95 μs Latency (stddev): 2947.75 μs Latency (CV): 109.54% Latency (p50): 2630.00 μs Latency (p95): 3585.00 μs Latency (p99): 3947.00 μs Latency (min): 864.00 μs Latency (max): 147084.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4487951.11 ops/sec Duration: 0.147 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 780.80 MB Peak VMS: 1105.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 11.139 seconds CPU System Time: 2.089 seconds CPU Utilization: 673.0% Database Size: 10.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1701943.99 ops/sec Duration: 2.938 seconds Latency (avg): 4697.01 μs Latency (stddev): 1055.99 μs Latency (CV): 22.48% Latency (p50): 4885.00 μs Latency (p95): 5985.00 μs Latency (p99): 6957.00 μs Latency (min): 2446.00 μs Latency (max): 15339.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 1073109.19 ops/sec Duration: 0.616 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 897.91 MB Peak VMS: 1613.65 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 683.61 MB CPU User Time: 10.011 seconds CPU System Time: 0.746 seconds CPU Utilization: 302.3% Database Size: 62.38 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.62x faster (2750488 vs 1701944 ops/sec) ITER: 4.18x faster (4487951 vs 1073109 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2690.95 μs vs 4697.01 μs PUT p99: 3947.00 μs vs 6957.00 μs PUT max: 147084.00 μs vs 15339.00 μs PUT CV: 109.54% vs 22.48% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 780.80 MB vs 897.91 MB Peak VMS: 1105.41 MB vs 1613.65 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 683.61 MB CPU User Time: 11.139 s vs 10.011 s CPU System Time: 2.089 s vs 0.746 s CPU Utilization: 673.0% vs 302.3% Database Size: 10.23 MB vs 62.38 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2912931.32 ops/sec GET: 3333506.68 ops/sec ITER: 4570814.14 ops/sec (661022 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1690371.31 ops/sec GET: 2000407.28 ops/sec ITER: 2240619.07 ops/sec (661610 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2912931.32 ops/sec Duration: 1.716 seconds Latency (avg): 2547.18 μs Latency (stddev): 2241.96 μs Latency (CV): 88.02% Latency (p50): 2509.00 μs Latency (p95): 3408.00 μs Latency (p99): 3596.00 μs Latency (min): 1032.00 μs Latency (max): 110912.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 3333506.68 ops/sec Duration: 1.500 seconds Latency (avg): 1.71 μs Latency (stddev): 0.93 μs Latency (CV): 54.54% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 181.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4570814.14 ops/sec Duration: 0.145 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 829.25 MB Peak VMS: 1143.58 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 21.371 seconds CPU System Time: 3.032 seconds CPU Utilization: 662.8% Database Size: 10.24 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1690371.31 ops/sec Duration: 2.958 seconds Latency (avg): 4728.34 μs Latency (stddev): 1892.61 μs Latency (CV): 40.03% Latency (p50): 4878.00 μs Latency (p95): 5862.00 μs Latency (p99): 6409.00 μs Latency (min): 2399.00 μs Latency (max): 45734.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 2000407.28 ops/sec Duration: 2.499 seconds Latency (avg): 3.55 μs Latency (stddev): 2.41 μs Latency (CV): 67.81% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 7.00 μs Latency (p99): 10.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 826.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2240619.07 ops/sec Duration: 0.295 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 930.38 MB Peak VMS: 1740.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 683.73 MB CPU User Time: 27.814 seconds CPU System Time: 2.312 seconds CPU Utilization: 492.0% Database Size: 62.96 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Read Amplification: 0.00x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.72x faster (2912931 vs 1690371 ops/sec) GET: 1.67x faster (3333507 vs 2000407 ops/sec) ITER: 2.04x faster (4570814 vs 2240619 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2547.18 μs vs 4728.34 μs PUT p99: 3596.00 μs vs 6409.00 μs PUT max: 110912.00 μs vs 45734.00 μs PUT CV: 88.02% vs 40.03% GET avg: 1.71 μs vs 3.55 μs GET p99: 4.00 μs vs 10.00 μs GET max: 181.00 μs vs 826.00 μs GET CV: 54.54% vs 67.81% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 829.25 MB vs 930.38 MB Peak VMS: 1143.58 MB vs 1740.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 683.73 MB CPU User Time: 21.371 s vs 27.814 s CPU System Time: 3.032 s vs 2.312 s CPU Utilization: 662.8% vs 492.0% Database Size: 10.24 MB vs 62.96 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 6. Delete Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3130978.21 ops/sec ITER: 4409031.11 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3130978.21 ops/sec Duration: 1.597 seconds Latency (avg): 2173.87 μs Latency (stddev): 636.44 μs Latency (CV): 29.28% Latency (p50): 2088.00 μs Latency (p95): 3403.00 μs Latency (p99): 4501.00 μs Latency (min): 719.00 μs Latency (max): 5219.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4409031.11 ops/sec Duration: 1.134 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1156.59 MB Peak VMS: 1826.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 609.05 MB CPU User Time: 13.101 seconds CPU System Time: 0.887 seconds CPU Utilization: 512.1% Database Size: 43.66 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3418518.25 ops/sec ITER: 3252508.50 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3418518.25 ops/sec Duration: 1.463 seconds Latency (avg): 2228.76 μs Latency (stddev): 656.97 μs Latency (CV): 29.48% Latency (p50): 2165.00 μs Latency (p95): 3426.00 μs Latency (p99): 3979.00 μs Latency (min): 756.00 μs Latency (max): 4923.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3252508.50 ops/sec Duration: 1.537 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 814.47 MB Peak VMS: 1112.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 11.855 seconds CPU System Time: 0.729 seconds CPU Utilization: 419.4% Database Size: 0.00 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2141662.40 ops/sec ITER: 3942869.40 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2141662.40 ops/sec Duration: 2.335 seconds Latency (avg): 3731.99 μs Latency (stddev): 1567.18 μs Latency (CV): 41.99% Latency (p50): 3755.00 μs Latency (p95): 4340.00 μs Latency (p99): 5232.00 μs Latency (min): 1088.00 μs Latency (max): 41233.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3942869.40 ops/sec Duration: 1.268 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 210.91 MB Peak VMS: 1293.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.04 MB CPU User Time: 9.019 seconds CPU System Time: 0.650 seconds CPU Utilization: 267.9% Database Size: 81.49 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3000204.61 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3000204.61 ops/sec Duration: 1.667 seconds Latency (avg): 2664.84 μs Latency (stddev): 2711.49 μs Latency (CV): 101.75% Latency (p50): 2556.00 μs Latency (p95): 3517.00 μs Latency (p99): 3875.00 μs Latency (min): 567.00 μs Latency (max): 70484.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 186.05 MB Peak VMS: 1294.55 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.77 MB CPU User Time: 10.518 seconds CPU System Time: 0.461 seconds CPU Utilization: 348.5% Database Size: 63.99 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.29x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 7. Large Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (1M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 363295.79 ops/sec ITER: 1407166.42 ops/sec (1000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 80619.36 ops/sec ITER: 466985.96 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 363295.79 ops/sec Duration: 2.753 seconds Latency (avg): 21524.83 μs Latency (stddev): 4617.27 μs Latency (CV): 21.45% Latency (p50): 20632.00 μs Latency (p95): 28546.00 μs Latency (p99): 45554.00 μs Latency (min): 13787.00 μs Latency (max): 57144.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1407166.42 ops/sec Duration: 0.711 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3378.68 MB Peak VMS: 3740.87 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 4327.80 MB CPU User Time: 13.531 seconds CPU System Time: 9.598 seconds CPU Utilization: 667.7% Database Size: 302.00 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 80619.36 ops/sec Duration: 12.404 seconds Latency (avg): 99133.63 μs Latency (stddev): 208497.51 μs Latency (CV): 210.32% Latency (p50): 27363.00 μs Latency (p95): 521768.00 μs Latency (p99): 1125934.00 μs Latency (min): 15829.00 μs Latency (max): 1358633.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 466985.96 ops/sec Duration: 2.141 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1041.15 MB Peak VMS: 1589.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5135.99 MB CPU User Time: 15.962 seconds CPU System Time: 4.369 seconds CPU Utilization: 139.8% Database Size: 347.12 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.08x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 4.51x faster (363296 vs 80619 ops/sec) ITER: 3.01x faster (1407166 vs 466986 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 21524.83 μs vs 99133.63 μs PUT p99: 45554.00 μs vs 1125934.00 μs PUT max: 57144.00 μs vs 1358633.00 μs PUT CV: 21.45% vs 210.32% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 3378.68 MB vs 1041.15 MB Peak VMS: 3740.87 MB vs 1589.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4327.80 MB vs 5135.99 MB CPU User Time: 13.531 s vs 15.962 s CPU System Time: 9.598 s vs 4.369 s CPU Utilization: 667.7% vs 139.8% Database Size: 302.00 MB vs 347.12 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 8. Small Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (50M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2031783.84 ops/sec ITER: 3565532.96 ops/sec (50000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1322742.26 ops/sec ITER: 4062303.05 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2031783.84 ops/sec Duration: 24.609 seconds Latency (avg): 3257.97 μs Latency (stddev): 7651.38 μs Latency (CV): 234.85% Latency (p50): 3019.00 μs Latency (p95): 5513.00 μs Latency (p99): 6747.00 μs Latency (min): 594.00 μs Latency (max): 688579.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3565532.96 ops/sec Duration: 14.023 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8730.60 MB Peak VMS: 11897.35 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4588.23 MB CPU User Time: 201.466 seconds CPU System Time: 5.884 seconds CPU Utilization: 536.7% Database Size: 518.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.20x Space Amplification: 0.14x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1322742.26 ops/sec Duration: 37.800 seconds Latency (avg): 6047.45 μs Latency (stddev): 47561.42 μs Latency (CV): 786.47% Latency (p50): 3672.00 μs Latency (p95): 4454.00 μs Latency (p99): 5588.00 μs Latency (min): 2124.00 μs Latency (max): 1544045.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4062303.05 ops/sec Duration: 12.308 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8810.09 MB Peak VMS: 9545.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 5685.97 MB CPU User Time: 124.024 seconds CPU System Time: 5.314 seconds CPU Utilization: 257.9% Database Size: 499.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.54x faster (2031784 vs 1322742 ops/sec) ITER: 1.14x slower (3565533 vs 4062303 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 3257.97 μs vs 6047.45 μs PUT p99: 6747.00 μs vs 5588.00 μs PUT max: 688579.00 μs vs 1544045.00 μs PUT CV: 234.85% vs 786.47% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 8730.60 MB vs 8810.09 MB Peak VMS: 11897.35 MB vs 9545.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 4588.23 MB vs 5685.97 MB CPU User Time: 201.466 s vs 124.024 s CPU System Time: 5.884 s vs 5.314 s CPU Utilization: 536.7% vs 257.9% Database Size: 518.04 MB vs 499.31 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.20x vs 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.14x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 9. Batch Size Comparison ### Testing impact of different batch sizes on write performance *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1100043.69 ops/sec ITER: 7200688.96 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 883283.30 ops/sec ITER: 4751243.88 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1100043.69 ops/sec Duration: 9.091 seconds Latency (avg): 6.93 μs Latency (stddev): 37.54 μs Latency (CV): 541.58% Latency (p50): 7.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 55976.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7200688.96 ops/sec Duration: 1.389 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 700.13 MB Peak VMS: 1873.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1559.56 MB CPU User Time: 41.568 seconds CPU System Time: 45.072 seconds CPU Utilization: 768.9% Database Size: 111.49 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.41x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 883283.30 ops/sec Duration: 11.321 seconds Latency (avg): 8.80 μs Latency (stddev): 229.95 μs Latency (CV): 2613.25% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 11.00 μs Latency (p99): 13.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 176673.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4751243.88 ops/sec Duration: 2.105 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1007.51 MB Peak VMS: 1678.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1545.00 MB CPU User Time: 98.872 seconds CPU System Time: 4.799 seconds CPU Utilization: 732.6% Database Size: 124.63 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.25x faster (1100044 vs 883283 ops/sec) ITER: 1.52x faster (7200689 vs 4751244 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 6.93 μs vs 8.80 μs PUT p99: 12.00 μs vs 13.00 μs PUT max: 55976.00 μs vs 176673.00 μs PUT CV: 541.58% vs 2613.25% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 700.13 MB vs 1007.51 MB Peak VMS: 1873.20 MB vs 1678.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1559.56 MB vs 1545.00 MB CPU User Time: 41.568 s vs 98.872 s CPU System Time: 45.072 s vs 4.799 s CPU Utilization: 768.9% vs 732.6% Database Size: 111.49 MB vs 124.63 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.41x vs 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3062496.36 ops/sec ITER: 3416928.49 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1486778.38 ops/sec ITER: 4561315.48 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3062496.36 ops/sec Duration: 3.265 seconds Latency (avg): 24.70 μs Latency (stddev): 62.99 μs Latency (CV): 255.00% Latency (p50): 23.00 μs Latency (p95): 37.00 μs Latency (p99): 44.00 μs Latency (min): 7.00 μs Latency (max): 36769.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3416928.49 ops/sec Duration: 2.927 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2497.01 MB Peak VMS: 3043.23 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1268.37 MB CPU User Time: 26.584 seconds CPU System Time: 4.867 seconds CPU Utilization: 501.9% Database Size: 106.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1486778.38 ops/sec Duration: 6.726 seconds Latency (avg): 53.74 μs Latency (stddev): 2502.91 μs Latency (CV): 4657.86% Latency (p50): 34.00 μs Latency (p95): 44.00 μs Latency (p99): 51.00 μs Latency (min): 8.00 μs Latency (max): 494213.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4561315.48 ops/sec Duration: 2.192 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2831.91 MB Peak VMS: 3533.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1461.26 MB CPU User Time: 39.971 seconds CPU System Time: 9.219 seconds CPU Utilization: 547.1% Database Size: 146.60 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.06x faster (3062496 vs 1486778 ops/sec) ITER: 1.33x slower (3416928 vs 4561315 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 24.70 μs vs 53.74 μs PUT p99: 44.00 μs vs 51.00 μs PUT max: 36769.00 μs vs 494213.00 μs PUT CV: 255.00% vs 4657.86% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2497.01 MB vs 2831.91 MB Peak VMS: 3043.23 MB vs 3533.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1268.37 MB vs 1461.26 MB CPU User Time: 26.584 s vs 39.971 s CPU System Time: 4.867 s vs 9.219 s CPU Utilization: 501.9% vs 547.1% Database Size: 106.23 MB vs 146.60 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.15x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3403309.92 ops/sec ITER: 4322599.02 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2148005.76 ops/sec ITER: 4290031.90 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3403309.92 ops/sec Duration: 2.938 seconds Latency (avg): 209.07 μs Latency (stddev): 173.70 μs Latency (CV): 83.08% Latency (p50): 196.00 μs Latency (p95): 327.00 μs Latency (p99): 400.00 μs Latency (min): 52.00 μs Latency (max): 31976.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4322599.02 ops/sec Duration: 2.313 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2480.19 MB Peak VMS: 2894.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1211.99 MB CPU User Time: 23.654 seconds CPU System Time: 1.952 seconds CPU Utilization: 486.8% Database Size: 102.42 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.09x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2148005.76 ops/sec Duration: 4.655 seconds Latency (avg): 372.15 μs Latency (stddev): 3670.20 μs Latency (CV): 986.22% Latency (p50): 282.00 μs Latency (p95): 359.00 μs Latency (p99): 416.00 μs Latency (min): 66.00 μs Latency (max): 277474.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4290031.90 ops/sec Duration: 2.331 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2936.21 MB Peak VMS: 3341.65 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1445.85 MB CPU User Time: 25.154 seconds CPU System Time: 2.798 seconds CPU Utilization: 395.7% Database Size: 187.12 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.31x Space Amplification: 0.17x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.58x faster (3403310 vs 2148006 ops/sec) ITER: 1.01x faster (4322599 vs 4290032 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 209.07 μs vs 372.15 μs PUT p99: 400.00 μs vs 416.00 μs PUT max: 31976.00 μs vs 277474.00 μs PUT CV: 83.08% vs 986.22% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2480.19 MB vs 2936.21 MB Peak VMS: 2894.25 MB vs 3341.65 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1211.99 MB vs 1445.85 MB CPU User Time: 23.654 s vs 25.154 s CPU System Time: 1.952 s vs 2.798 s CPU Utilization: 486.8% vs 395.7% Database Size: 102.42 MB vs 187.12 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.10x vs 1.31x Space Amplification: 0.09x vs 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2817751.50 ops/sec ITER: 3618443.79 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1534288.04 ops/sec ITER: 4238541.74 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2817751.50 ops/sec Duration: 3.549 seconds Latency (avg): 2459.17 μs Latency (stddev): 713.24 μs Latency (CV): 29.00% Latency (p50): 2302.00 μs Latency (p95): 3929.00 μs Latency (p99): 4651.00 μs Latency (min): 771.00 μs Latency (max): 6453.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3618443.79 ops/sec Duration: 2.764 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2501.24 MB Peak VMS: 3010.83 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1221.88 MB CPU User Time: 29.625 seconds CPU System Time: 1.805 seconds CPU Utilization: 497.8% Database Size: 89.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1534288.04 ops/sec Duration: 6.518 seconds Latency (avg): 5212.42 μs Latency (stddev): 19590.46 μs Latency (CV): 375.84% Latency (p50): 3733.00 μs Latency (p95): 4960.00 μs Latency (p99): 18662.00 μs Latency (min): 1159.00 μs Latency (max): 515677.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4238541.74 ops/sec Duration: 2.359 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2762.91 MB Peak VMS: 3533.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1461.87 MB CPU User Time: 23.231 seconds CPU System Time: 1.381 seconds CPU Utilization: 276.9% Database Size: 117.92 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.84x faster (2817751 vs 1534288 ops/sec) ITER: 1.17x slower (3618444 vs 4238542 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2459.17 μs vs 5212.42 μs PUT p99: 4651.00 μs vs 18662.00 μs PUT max: 6453.00 μs vs 515677.00 μs PUT CV: 29.00% vs 375.84% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2501.24 MB vs 2762.91 MB Peak VMS: 3010.83 MB vs 3533.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1221.88 MB vs 1461.87 MB CPU User Time: 29.625 s vs 23.231 s CPU System Time: 1.805 s vs 1.381 s CPU Utilization: 497.8% vs 276.9% Database Size: 89.52 MB vs 117.92 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.10x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2033157.96 ops/sec ITER: 3624382.09 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1265888.80 ops/sec ITER: 4200080.05 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2033157.96 ops/sec Duration: 4.918 seconds Latency (avg): 38392.44 μs Latency (stddev): 9556.17 μs Latency (CV): 24.89% Latency (p50): 40605.00 μs Latency (p95): 52153.00 μs Latency (p99): 59436.00 μs Latency (min): 10837.00 μs Latency (max): 62075.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3624382.09 ops/sec Duration: 2.759 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2498.13 MB Peak VMS: 2986.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1206.01 MB CPU User Time: 43.728 seconds CPU System Time: 2.220 seconds CPU Utilization: 598.4% Database Size: 375.18 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.34x === rocksdb (v10.9.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1265888.80 ops/sec Duration: 7.900 seconds Latency (avg): 62991.21 μs Latency (stddev): 27305.56 μs Latency (CV): 43.35% Latency (p50): 58549.00 μs Latency (p95): 70005.00 μs Latency (p99): 192515.00 μs Latency (min): 8178.00 μs Latency (max): 239918.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4200080.05 ops/sec Duration: 2.381 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2747.48 MB Peak VMS: 3341.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1458.43 MB CPU User Time: 20.759 seconds CPU System Time: 0.995 seconds CPU Utilization: 211.4% Database Size: 123.03 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.61x faster (2033158 vs 1265889 ops/sec) ITER: 1.16x slower (3624382 vs 4200080 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 38392.44 μs vs 62991.21 μs PUT p99: 59436.00 μs vs 192515.00 μs PUT max: 62075.00 μs vs 239918.00 μs PUT CV: 24.89% vs 43.35% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2498.13 MB vs 2747.48 MB Peak VMS: 2986.98 MB vs 3341.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1206.01 MB vs 1458.43 MB CPU User Time: 43.728 s vs 20.759 s CPU System Time: 2.220 s vs 0.995 s CPU Utilization: 598.4% vs 211.4% Database Size: 375.18 MB vs 123.03 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.09x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.34x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 10. Batch Size Impact on Deletes ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1130788.85 ops/sec ITER: 5741807.02 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1130788.85 ops/sec Duration: 4.422 seconds Latency (avg): 6.76 μs Latency (stddev): 36.11 μs Latency (CV): 534.31% Latency (p50): 7.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 45290.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5741807.02 ops/sec Duration: 0.871 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 567.89 MB Peak VMS: 1425.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 749.75 MB CPU User Time: 17.767 seconds CPU System Time: 23.141 seconds CPU Utilization: 720.2% Database Size: 55.78 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.36x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1199826.55 ops/sec ITER: 3223352.54 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1199826.55 ops/sec Duration: 4.167 seconds Latency (avg): 6.50 μs Latency (stddev): 4.94 μs Latency (CV): 76.05% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 5274.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3223352.54 ops/sec Duration: 1.551 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 812.98 MB Peak VMS: 1113.36 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 185.97 MB CPU User Time: 13.780 seconds CPU System Time: 21.003 seconds CPU Utilization: 570.7% Database Size: 0.00 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.34x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 910334.76 ops/sec ITER: 4292173.39 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 910334.76 ops/sec Duration: 5.492 seconds Latency (avg): 8.54 μs Latency (stddev): 95.33 μs Latency (CV): 1116.59% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 14.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 63501.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4292173.39 ops/sec Duration: 1.165 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 228.59 MB Peak VMS: 1293.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 714.25 MB CPU User Time: 46.586 seconds CPU System Time: 2.436 seconds CPU Utilization: 698.8% Database Size: 81.55 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 984517.87 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 984517.87 ops/sec Duration: 5.079 seconds Latency (avg): 8.01 μs Latency (stddev): 2.73 μs Latency (CV): 34.12% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 11.00 μs Latency (p99): 13.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 1528.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 239.55 MB Peak VMS: 1310.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 180.20 MB CPU User Time: 43.938 seconds CPU System Time: 1.723 seconds CPU Utilization: 667.2% Database Size: 89.11 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.33x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=100 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3806304.76 ops/sec ITER: 4415319.04 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3806304.76 ops/sec Duration: 1.314 seconds Latency (avg): 189.88 μs Latency (stddev): 108.03 μs Latency (CV): 56.89% Latency (p50): 185.00 μs Latency (p95): 277.00 μs Latency (p99): 339.00 μs Latency (min): 62.00 μs Latency (max): 10287.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4415319.04 ops/sec Duration: 1.132 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1155.43 MB Peak VMS: 1823.34 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 618.14 MB CPU User Time: 11.113 seconds CPU System Time: 1.132 seconds CPU Utilization: 499.8% Database Size: 51.55 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3447453.23 ops/sec ITER: 3270545.40 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3447453.23 ops/sec Duration: 1.450 seconds Latency (avg): 208.28 μs Latency (stddev): 519.30 μs Latency (CV): 249.33% Latency (p50): 183.00 μs Latency (p95): 330.00 μs Latency (p99): 424.00 μs Latency (min): 64.00 μs Latency (max): 55208.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3270545.40 ops/sec Duration: 1.529 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 814.25 MB Peak VMS: 1113.10 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 105.67 MB CPU User Time: 10.894 seconds CPU System Time: 0.938 seconds CPU Utilization: 396.6% Database Size: 0.00 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2730342.63 ops/sec ITER: 3982981.52 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2730342.63 ops/sec Duration: 1.831 seconds Latency (avg): 292.58 μs Latency (stddev): 832.22 μs Latency (CV): 284.44% Latency (p50): 277.00 μs Latency (p95): 353.00 μs Latency (p99): 399.00 μs Latency (min): 66.00 μs Latency (max): 61000.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3982981.52 ops/sec Duration: 1.255 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 202.02 MB Peak VMS: 1293.74 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.20 MB CPU User Time: 10.590 seconds CPU System Time: 2.035 seconds CPU Utilization: 407.7% Database Size: 86.16 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2664387.37 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2664387.37 ops/sec Duration: 1.877 seconds Latency (avg): 299.97 μs Latency (stddev): 69.75 μs Latency (CV): 23.25% Latency (p50): 296.00 μs Latency (p95): 414.00 μs Latency (p99): 479.00 μs Latency (min): 49.00 μs Latency (max): 1023.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 188.45 MB Peak VMS: 1294.21 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 170.57 MB CPU User Time: 12.367 seconds CPU System Time: 1.431 seconds CPU Utilization: 398.5% Database Size: 92.18 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.31x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2950621.93 ops/sec ITER: 4767303.17 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2950621.93 ops/sec Duration: 1.695 seconds Latency (avg): 2238.58 μs Latency (stddev): 652.56 μs Latency (CV): 29.15% Latency (p50): 2158.00 μs Latency (p95): 3561.00 μs Latency (p99): 4134.00 μs Latency (min): 687.00 μs Latency (max): 7459.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4767303.17 ops/sec Duration: 1.049 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1155.77 MB Peak VMS: 1792.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 601.74 MB CPU User Time: 12.824 seconds CPU System Time: 0.947 seconds CPU Utilization: 501.8% Database Size: 43.88 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3458651.82 ops/sec ITER: 3220192.93 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3458651.82 ops/sec Duration: 1.446 seconds Latency (avg): 2134.44 μs Latency (stddev): 713.07 μs Latency (CV): 33.41% Latency (p50): 1987.00 μs Latency (p95): 3511.00 μs Latency (p99): 4283.00 μs Latency (min): 784.00 μs Latency (max): 6935.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3220192.93 ops/sec Duration: 1.553 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 814.50 MB Peak VMS: 1112.92 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 11.360 seconds CPU System Time: 0.695 seconds CPU Utilization: 402.0% Database Size: 0.00 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1875304.97 ops/sec ITER: 4344848.92 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1875304.97 ops/sec Duration: 2.666 seconds Latency (avg): 4262.63 μs Latency (stddev): 12562.30 μs Latency (CV): 294.71% Latency (p50): 3842.00 μs Latency (p95): 4377.00 μs Latency (p99): 5077.00 μs Latency (min): 971.00 μs Latency (max): 319877.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4344848.92 ops/sec Duration: 1.151 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 210.22 MB Peak VMS: 1293.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 686.65 MB CPU User Time: 8.312 seconds CPU System Time: 0.750 seconds CPU Utilization: 237.1% Database Size: 88.58 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2989077.31 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2989077.31 ops/sec Duration: 1.673 seconds Latency (avg): 2673.72 μs Latency (stddev): 7256.36 μs Latency (CV): 271.40% Latency (p50): 2355.00 μs Latency (p95): 3133.00 μs Latency (p99): 3465.00 μs Latency (min): 624.00 μs Latency (max): 183728.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 208.32 MB Peak VMS: 1294.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 168.00 MB CPU User Time: 10.589 seconds CPU System Time: 0.381 seconds CPU Utilization: 336.1% Database Size: 90.01 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.30x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 11. Seek Performance (Block Index Effectiveness) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3557199.77 ops/sec ITER: 4330511.57 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3557199.77 ops/sec Duration: 1.406 seconds Latency (avg): 2109.12 μs Latency (stddev): 594.42 μs Latency (CV): 28.18% Latency (p50): 2031.00 μs Latency (p95): 3410.00 μs Latency (p99): 4161.00 μs Latency (min): 753.00 μs Latency (max): 5694.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4330511.57 ops/sec Duration: 1.155 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1157.43 MB Peak VMS: 1845.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 613.07 MB CPU User Time: 12.800 seconds CPU System Time: 0.910 seconds CPU Utilization: 535.4% Database Size: 43.67 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1282210.74 ops/sec ITER: 7263451.19 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1282210.74 ops/sec Duration: 3.900 seconds Latency (avg): 6.01 μs Latency (stddev): 7.49 μs Latency (CV): 124.63% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 7.00 μs Latency (p99): 9.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 2336.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7263451.19 ops/sec Duration: 0.688 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 855.64 MB Peak VMS: 1240.96 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 31.001 seconds CPU System Time: 0.533 seconds CPU Utilization: 638.3% Database Size: 43.67 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2166329.95 ops/sec ITER: 4199633.79 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2166329.95 ops/sec Duration: 2.308 seconds Latency (avg): 3689.54 μs Latency (stddev): 568.43 μs Latency (CV): 15.41% Latency (p50): 3745.00 μs Latency (p95): 4559.00 μs Latency (p99): 5501.00 μs Latency (min): 901.00 μs Latency (max): 6556.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4199633.79 ops/sec Duration: 1.191 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 235.03 MB Peak VMS: 1293.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 691.00 MB CPU User Time: 8.902 seconds CPU System Time: 0.698 seconds CPU Utilization: 274.0% Database Size: 77.77 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 962991.10 ops/sec ITER: 5250655.81 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 962991.10 ops/sec Duration: 5.192 seconds Latency (avg): 7.84 μs Latency (stddev): 3.36 μs Latency (CV): 42.84% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 12.00 μs Latency (p99): 15.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 3906.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5250655.81 ops/sec Duration: 0.952 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 261.40 MB Peak VMS: 1302.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 37.812 seconds CPU System Time: 3.021 seconds CPU Utilization: 627.2% Database Size: 52.84 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 7678427.46 ops/sec ITER: 5843299.08 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 7678427.46 ops/sec Duration: 0.651 seconds Latency (avg): 949.13 μs Latency (stddev): 248.68 μs Latency (CV): 26.20% Latency (p50): 885.00 μs Latency (p95): 1423.00 μs Latency (p99): 1644.00 μs Latency (min): 547.00 μs Latency (max): 5463.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5843299.08 ops/sec Duration: 0.856 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1163.59 MB Peak VMS: 1800.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 610.46 MB CPU User Time: 5.500 seconds CPU System Time: 0.859 seconds CPU Utilization: 421.8% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4438798.29 ops/sec ITER: 8301373.05 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 4438798.29 ops/sec Duration: 1.126 seconds Latency (avg): 1.50 μs Latency (stddev): 2.89 μs Latency (CV): 192.47% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 2.00 μs Latency (p99): 3.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 926.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8301373.05 ops/sec Duration: 0.602 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 849.20 MB Peak VMS: 1114.05 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 8.341 seconds CPU System Time: 0.451 seconds CPU Utilization: 435.5% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2650111.60 ops/sec ITER: 5785389.81 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2650111.60 ops/sec Duration: 1.887 seconds Latency (avg): 3016.11 μs Latency (stddev): 1293.67 μs Latency (CV): 42.89% Latency (p50): 2875.00 μs Latency (p95): 3844.00 μs Latency (p99): 4199.00 μs Latency (min): 1091.00 μs Latency (max): 36325.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5785389.81 ops/sec Duration: 0.864 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 210.26 MB Peak VMS: 1293.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 740.29 MB CPU User Time: 6.853 seconds CPU System Time: 0.752 seconds CPU Utilization: 275.9% Database Size: 121.14 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1904714.01 ops/sec ITER: 4931467.40 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1904714.01 ops/sec Duration: 2.625 seconds Latency (avg): 3.42 μs Latency (stddev): 1.70 μs Latency (CV): 49.51% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 7.00 μs Latency (p99): 8.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 890.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4931467.40 ops/sec Duration: 1.014 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 207.24 MB Peak VMS: 1293.45 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 87.18 MB CPU User Time: 20.822 seconds CPU System Time: 0.380 seconds CPU Utilization: 536.5% Database Size: 87.29 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2864953.54 ops/sec ITER: 4646283.41 ops/sec (659828 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2864953.54 ops/sec Duration: 1.745 seconds Latency (avg): 2540.53 μs Latency (stddev): 2397.15 μs Latency (CV): 94.36% Latency (p50): 2486.00 μs Latency (p95): 3374.00 μs Latency (p99): 3599.00 μs Latency (min): 789.00 μs Latency (max): 120846.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4646283.41 ops/sec Duration: 0.142 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 784.09 MB Peak VMS: 1105.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 10.607 seconds CPU System Time: 1.935 seconds CPU Utilization: 664.4% Database Size: 10.22 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3430124.59 ops/sec ITER: 8111276.38 ops/sec (659828 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 3430124.59 ops/sec Duration: 1.458 seconds Latency (avg): 1.31 μs Latency (stddev): 2.10 μs Latency (CV): 160.94% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 2.00 μs Latency (p99): 2.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 311.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8111276.38 ops/sec Duration: 0.081 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 130.74 MB Peak VMS: 594.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 8.422 seconds CPU System Time: 2.590 seconds CPU Utilization: 599.4% Database Size: 10.22 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1667907.03 ops/sec ITER: 1051454.61 ops/sec (656666 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1667907.03 ops/sec Duration: 2.998 seconds Latency (avg): 4747.18 μs Latency (stddev): 1936.59 μs Latency (CV): 40.79% Latency (p50): 4799.00 μs Latency (p95): 6405.00 μs Latency (p99): 8170.00 μs Latency (min): 1211.00 μs Latency (max): 75163.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1051454.61 ops/sec Duration: 0.625 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 184.25 MB Peak VMS: 1293.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 679.36 MB CPU User Time: 9.742 seconds CPU System Time: 0.822 seconds CPU Utilization: 291.1% Database Size: 60.41 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 679658.29 ops/sec ITER: 2238285.63 ops/sec (656666 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 679658.29 ops/sec Duration: 7.357 seconds Latency (avg): 10.93 μs Latency (stddev): 5.06 μs Latency (CV): 46.31% Latency (p50): 11.00 μs Latency (p95): 19.00 μs Latency (p99): 22.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 304.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2238285.63 ops/sec Duration: 0.293 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 196.46 MB Peak VMS: 1295.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 50.340 seconds CPU System Time: 6.858 seconds CPU Utilization: 710.4% Database Size: 37.28 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv ### 12. Range Query Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4511922.76 ops/sec ITER: 5032839.28 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4511922.76 ops/sec Duration: 0.222 seconds Latency (avg): 1625.03 μs Latency (stddev): 359.96 μs Latency (CV): 22.15% Latency (p50): 1605.00 μs Latency (p95): 2246.00 μs Latency (p99): 2577.00 μs Latency (min): 740.00 μs Latency (max): 2693.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5032839.28 ops/sec Duration: 0.199 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 286.21 MB Peak VMS: 685.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 121.93 MB CPU User Time: 1.795 seconds CPU System Time: 0.229 seconds CPU Utilization: 481.2% Database Size: 9.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 419391.14 ops/sec ITER: 8132130.86 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 419391.14 ops/sec Duration: 2.384 seconds Latency (avg): 18.24 μs Latency (stddev): 13.00 μs Latency (CV): 71.26% Latency (p50): 15.00 μs Latency (p95): 46.00 μs Latency (p99): 52.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 4044.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 8132130.86 ops/sec Duration: 0.123 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 191.55 MB Peak VMS: 595.32 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 17.669 seconds CPU System Time: 0.837 seconds CPU Utilization: 718.2% Database Size: 9.06 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2214246.02 ops/sec ITER: 4671281.89 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2214246.02 ops/sec Duration: 0.452 seconds Latency (avg): 3598.34 μs Latency (stddev): 440.40 μs Latency (CV): 12.24% Latency (p50): 3667.00 μs Latency (p95): 4166.00 μs Latency (p99): 4344.00 μs Latency (min): 860.00 μs Latency (max): 4736.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4671281.89 ops/sec Duration: 0.214 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 101.79 MB Peak VMS: 1284.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 126.75 MB CPU User Time: 1.335 seconds CPU System Time: 0.131 seconds CPU Utilization: 219.5% Database Size: 19.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 314484.89 ops/sec ITER: 4761179.25 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 314484.89 ops/sec Duration: 3.180 seconds Latency (avg): 25.16 μs Latency (stddev): 6.05 μs Latency (CV): 24.03% Latency (p50): 25.00 μs Latency (p95): 31.00 μs Latency (p99): 43.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 374.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 4761179.25 ops/sec Duration: 0.210 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 152.60 MB Peak VMS: 1294.43 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 25.103 seconds CPU System Time: 0.429 seconds CPU Utilization: 737.5% Database Size: 14.09 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (500K ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4337754.95 ops/sec ITER: 5650483.68 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4337754.95 ops/sec Duration: 0.115 seconds Latency (avg): 1518.62 μs Latency (stddev): 328.45 μs Latency (CV): 21.63% Latency (p50): 1468.00 μs Latency (p95): 2176.00 μs Latency (p99): 2269.00 μs Latency (min): 526.00 μs Latency (max): 2458.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5650483.68 ops/sec Duration: 0.088 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 152.17 MB Peak VMS: 593.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 0.747 seconds CPU System Time: 0.099 seconds CPU Utilization: 415.3% Database Size: 4.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 54860.84 ops/sec ITER: 8466253.51 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 54860.84 ops/sec Duration: 9.114 seconds Latency (avg): 142.91 μs Latency (stddev): 25.65 μs Latency (CV): 17.95% Latency (p50): 135.00 μs Latency (p95): 174.00 μs Latency (p99): 211.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 2984.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 8466253.51 ops/sec Duration: 0.059 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 106.57 MB Peak VMS: 594.42 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 69.489 seconds CPU System Time: 2.124 seconds CPU Utilization: 777.5% Database Size: 4.52 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2230589.41 ops/sec ITER: 6538169.84 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2230589.41 ops/sec Duration: 0.224 seconds Latency (avg): 3549.71 μs Latency (stddev): 442.18 μs Latency (CV): 12.46% Latency (p50): 3581.00 μs Latency (p95): 4043.00 μs Latency (p99): 4164.00 μs Latency (min): 1101.00 μs Latency (max): 4254.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6538169.84 ops/sec Duration: 0.076 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 88.62 MB Peak VMS: 1301.51 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 60.77 MB CPU User Time: 0.612 seconds CPU System Time: 0.063 seconds CPU Utilization: 224.4% Database Size: 56.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 49413.03 ops/sec ITER: 6772589.97 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 49413.03 ops/sec Duration: 10.119 seconds Latency (avg): 161.26 μs Latency (stddev): 27.90 μs Latency (CV): 17.30% Latency (p50): 151.00 μs Latency (p95): 194.00 μs Latency (p99): 265.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 777.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 6772589.97 ops/sec Duration: 0.074 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 75.07 MB Peak VMS: 1232.43 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 80.691 seconds CPU System Time: 0.096 seconds CPU Utilization: 789.7% Database Size: 7.47 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 7122456.39 ops/sec ITER: 8692326.41 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 7122456.39 ops/sec Duration: 0.140 seconds Latency (avg): 953.90 μs Latency (stddev): 221.30 μs Latency (CV): 23.20% Latency (p50): 891.00 μs Latency (p95): 1411.00 μs Latency (p99): 1550.00 μs Latency (min): 593.00 μs Latency (max): 2025.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8692326.41 ops/sec Duration: 0.115 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 285.90 MB Peak VMS: 685.94 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 123.31 MB CPU User Time: 1.023 seconds CPU System Time: 0.181 seconds CPU Utilization: 471.2% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 459441.43 ops/sec ITER: 8365890.59 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v7.4.3) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 459441.43 ops/sec Duration: 2.177 seconds Latency (avg): 17.01 μs Latency (stddev): 9.73 μs Latency (CV): 57.22% Latency (p50): 15.00 μs Latency (p95): 46.00 μs Latency (p99): 48.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 443.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 8365890.59 ops/sec Duration: 0.120 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 188.10 MB Peak VMS: 595.33 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 16.906 seconds CPU System Time: 0.384 seconds CPU Utilization: 734.5% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2767522.57 ops/sec ITER: 6268806.42 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2767522.57 ops/sec Duration: 0.361 seconds Latency (avg): 2880.88 μs Latency (stddev): 263.39 μs Latency (CV): 9.14% Latency (p50): 2899.00 μs Latency (p95): 3254.00 μs Latency (p99): 3643.00 μs Latency (min): 856.00 μs Latency (max): 3738.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6268806.42 ops/sec Duration: 0.160 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 95.03 MB Peak VMS: 1283.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 133.38 MB CPU User Time: 1.043 seconds CPU System Time: 0.157 seconds CPU Utilization: 229.3% Database Size: 25.90 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.21x Space Amplification: 0.23x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 453966.23 ops/sec ITER: 5281030.01 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.9.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 453966.23 ops/sec Duration: 2.203 seconds Latency (avg): 17.21 μs Latency (stddev): 3.58 μs Latency (CV): 20.78% Latency (p50): 17.00 μs Latency (p95): 21.00 μs Latency (p99): 40.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 552.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 5281030.01 ops/sec Duration: 0.189 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 143.93 MB Peak VMS: 1294.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 17.483 seconds CPU System Time: 0.076 seconds CPU Utilization: 715.7% Database Size: 21.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------* RUNNER Complete Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260129_181005.csv *------------------------------------------*