*------------------------------------------* RUNNER: TidesDB vs RocksDB Comparison Date: Mon Feb 23 08:54:35 AM CET 2026 Sync Mode: DISABLED (maximum performance) TidesDB B+tree: DISABLED (block-based klog) Parameters: Default Batch Size: 1000 Default Threads: 8 Environment: Hostname: xfs Kernel: 5.15.0-164-generic Filesystem: unknown CPU: AMD Ryzen Threadripper 2950X 16-Core Processor CPU Cores: 32 Memory: 125Gi Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* ### 1. Sequential Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 6483398.29 ops/sec ITER: 8661518.26 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 6483398.29 ops/sec Duration: 1.542 seconds Latency (avg): 1222.83 μs Latency (stddev): 200.16 μs Latency (CV): 16.37% Latency (p50): 1194.00 μs Latency (p95): 1482.00 μs Latency (p99): 2035.00 μs Latency (min): 801.00 μs Latency (max): 8813.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8661518.26 ops/sec Duration: 1.155 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2096.63 MB Peak VMS: 3161.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1215.62 MB CPU User Time: 13.709 seconds CPU System Time: 2.290 seconds CPU Utilization: 592.5% Database Size: 154.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 779690.80 ops/sec ITER: 2915004.87 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 779690.80 ops/sec Duration: 12.826 seconds Latency (avg): 10256.93 μs Latency (stddev): 840.49 μs Latency (CV): 8.19% Latency (p50): 10279.00 μs Latency (p95): 11509.00 μs Latency (p99): 12354.00 μs Latency (min): 2430.00 μs Latency (max): 15546.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2915004.87 ops/sec Duration: 3.431 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 259.66 MB Peak VMS: 1295.19 MB Disk Reads: 0.18 MB Disk Writes: 1640.08 MB CPU User Time: 45.259 seconds CPU System Time: 3.294 seconds CPU Utilization: 298.2% Database Size: 201.50 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.48x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 2. Random Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2755977.99 ops/sec ITER: 3144413.81 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2755977.99 ops/sec Duration: 3.628 seconds Latency (avg): 2629.44 μs Latency (stddev): 642.09 μs Latency (CV): 24.42% Latency (p50): 2618.00 μs Latency (p95): 3627.00 μs Latency (p99): 4436.00 μs Latency (min): 962.00 μs Latency (max): 6180.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3144413.81 ops/sec Duration: 3.180 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2116.46 MB Peak VMS: 3058.78 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1214.70 MB CPU User Time: 31.991 seconds CPU System Time: 2.377 seconds CPU Utilization: 504.6% Database Size: 89.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 706041.37 ops/sec ITER: 2386673.58 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 706041.37 ops/sec Duration: 14.163 seconds Latency (avg): 11326.47 μs Latency (stddev): 878.59 μs Latency (CV): 7.76% Latency (p50): 11408.00 μs Latency (p95): 12588.00 μs Latency (p99): 12994.00 μs Latency (min): 2532.00 μs Latency (max): 15058.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2386673.58 ops/sec Duration: 4.190 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 349.28 MB Peak VMS: 1360.22 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1480.11 MB CPU User Time: 51.184 seconds CPU System Time: 3.322 seconds CPU Utilization: 296.9% Database Size: 133.11 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 3. Random Read Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (10M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2876305.63 ops/sec ITER: 3073106.75 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2876305.63 ops/sec Duration: 3.477 seconds Latency (avg): 2599.89 μs Latency (stddev): 665.84 μs Latency (CV): 25.61% Latency (p50): 2564.00 μs Latency (p95): 3761.00 μs Latency (p99): 4566.00 μs Latency (min): 999.00 μs Latency (max): 9333.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3073106.75 ops/sec Duration: 3.254 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2113.62 MB Peak VMS: 3117.33 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1227.74 MB CPU User Time: 32.938 seconds CPU System Time: 2.421 seconds CPU Utilization: 525.1% Database Size: 89.25 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 1334382.34 ops/sec ITER: 10529452.46 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 1334382.34 ops/sec Duration: 7.494 seconds Latency (avg): 5.32 μs Latency (stddev): 18.99 μs Latency (CV): 356.74% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 6.00 μs Latency (p99): 7.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 1134.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10529452.46 ops/sec Duration: 0.950 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 6886.34 MB Peak VMS: 7532.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 51.069 seconds CPU System Time: 6.329 seconds CPU Utilization: 605.9% Database Size: 89.25 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 691938.62 ops/sec ITER: 2502017.88 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 691938.62 ops/sec Duration: 14.452 seconds Latency (avg): 11556.20 μs Latency (stddev): 843.50 μs Latency (CV): 7.30% Latency (p50): 11632.00 μs Latency (p95): 12744.00 μs Latency (p99): 13562.00 μs Latency (min): 2595.00 μs Latency (max): 14618.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2502017.88 ops/sec Duration: 3.997 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 352.81 MB Peak VMS: 1360.22 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1474.14 MB CPU User Time: 51.323 seconds CPU System Time: 3.246 seconds CPU Utilization: 295.7% Database Size: 161.68 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 801605.39 ops/sec ITER: 3302218.73 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 801605.39 ops/sec Duration: 12.475 seconds Latency (avg): 9.33 μs Latency (stddev): 5.12 μs Latency (CV): 54.94% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 18.00 μs Latency (p99): 25.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 650.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3302218.73 ops/sec Duration: 3.028 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 344.84 MB Peak VMS: 1381.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 85.93 MB CPU User Time: 92.558 seconds CPU System Time: 15.410 seconds CPU Utilization: 647.5% Database Size: 86.10 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 4. Mixed Workload (50/50 Read/Write, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3024613.09 ops/sec GET: 583955.45 ops/sec ITER: 3327696.22 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3024613.09 ops/sec Duration: 1.653 seconds Latency (avg): 2368.95 μs Latency (stddev): 520.54 μs Latency (CV): 21.97% Latency (p50): 2316.00 μs Latency (p95): 3217.00 μs Latency (p99): 3639.00 μs Latency (min): 892.00 μs Latency (max): 9704.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 583955.45 ops/sec Duration: 8.562 seconds Latency (avg): 10.95 μs Latency (stddev): 259.80 μs Latency (CV): 2372.23% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 13.00 μs Latency (p99): 17.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 243428.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3327696.22 ops/sec Duration: 1.503 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3065.47 MB Peak VMS: 3863.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.40 MB CPU User Time: 51.936 seconds CPU System Time: 20.765 seconds CPU Utilization: 592.7% Database Size: 43.96 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 698890.75 ops/sec GET: 867886.35 ops/sec ITER: 2645477.45 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 698890.75 ops/sec Duration: 7.154 seconds Latency (avg): 11436.82 μs Latency (stddev): 781.15 μs Latency (CV): 6.83% Latency (p50): 11553.00 μs Latency (p95): 12429.00 μs Latency (p99): 12823.00 μs Latency (min): 2324.00 μs Latency (max): 14596.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 867886.35 ops/sec Duration: 5.761 seconds Latency (avg): 8.50 μs Latency (stddev): 4.73 μs Latency (CV): 55.61% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 23.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 579.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2645477.45 ops/sec Duration: 1.890 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 312.92 MB Peak VMS: 1294.34 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 691.76 MB CPU User Time: 62.296 seconds CPU System Time: 7.217 seconds CPU Utilization: 452.0% Database Size: 73.86 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 5. Hot Key Workload (Zipfian Distribution, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1210613.89 ops/sec ITER: 3402737.48 ops/sec (663772 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1210613.89 ops/sec Duration: 4.130 seconds Latency (avg): 5957.14 μs Latency (stddev): 11518.14 μs Latency (CV): 193.35% Latency (p50): 5204.00 μs Latency (p95): 8856.00 μs Latency (p99): 9511.00 μs Latency (min): 2052.00 μs Latency (max): 472423.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3402737.48 ops/sec Duration: 0.195 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 833.69 MB Peak VMS: 1504.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 22.336 seconds CPU System Time: 6.589 seconds CPU Utilization: 668.6% Database Size: 10.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 577909.41 ops/sec ITER: 1101957.06 ops/sec (656762 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 577909.41 ops/sec Duration: 8.652 seconds Latency (avg): 13754.60 μs Latency (stddev): 2182.13 μs Latency (CV): 15.86% Latency (p50): 14053.00 μs Latency (p95): 15688.00 μs Latency (p99): 16060.00 μs Latency (min): 4118.00 μs Latency (max): 119180.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1101957.06 ops/sec Duration: 0.596 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 160.11 MB Peak VMS: 1295.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 680.63 MB CPU User Time: 24.568 seconds CPU System Time: 2.589 seconds CPU Utilization: 293.6% Database Size: 63.51 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1219743.05 ops/sec GET: 1116460.20 ops/sec ITER: 3790164.20 ops/sec (661558 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1219743.05 ops/sec Duration: 4.099 seconds Latency (avg): 6083.31 μs Latency (stddev): 11677.34 μs Latency (CV): 191.96% Latency (p50): 5472.00 μs Latency (p95): 8839.00 μs Latency (p99): 9417.00 μs Latency (min): 2389.00 μs Latency (max): 469311.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1116460.20 ops/sec Duration: 4.478 seconds Latency (avg): 3.56 μs Latency (stddev): 1.41 μs Latency (CV): 39.67% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 6.00 μs Latency (p99): 7.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 81.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3790164.20 ops/sec Duration: 0.175 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 873.94 MB Peak VMS: 1542.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 46.448 seconds CPU System Time: 16.928 seconds CPU Utilization: 682.5% Database Size: 10.24 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 585330.47 ops/sec GET: 886297.59 ops/sec ITER: 1221982.82 ops/sec (656751 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 585330.47 ops/sec Duration: 8.542 seconds Latency (avg): 13572.33 μs Latency (stddev): 2373.51 μs Latency (CV): 17.49% Latency (p50): 13883.00 μs Latency (p95): 15600.00 μs Latency (p99): 15870.00 μs Latency (min): 4081.00 μs Latency (max): 135114.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 886297.59 ops/sec Duration: 5.641 seconds Latency (avg): 6.56 μs Latency (stddev): 4.48 μs Latency (CV): 68.19% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 14.00 μs Latency (p99): 18.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 578.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1221982.82 ops/sec Duration: 0.537 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 217.48 MB Peak VMS: 1294.08 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 681.31 MB CPU User Time: 59.475 seconds CPU System Time: 9.045 seconds CPU Utilization: 446.7% Database Size: 56.60 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 6. Delete Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3124675.81 ops/sec ITER: 3990432.54 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3124675.81 ops/sec Duration: 1.600 seconds Latency (avg): 2432.76 μs Latency (stddev): 533.95 μs Latency (CV): 21.95% Latency (p50): 2457.00 μs Latency (p95): 3159.00 μs Latency (p99): 4061.00 μs Latency (min): 936.00 μs Latency (max): 10028.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3990432.54 ops/sec Duration: 1.253 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1041.81 MB Peak VMS: 1750.18 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.07 MB CPU User Time: 14.386 seconds CPU System Time: 1.155 seconds CPU Utilization: 544.4% Database Size: 43.71 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3704395.19 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3704395.19 ops/sec Duration: 1.350 seconds Latency (avg): 1872.70 μs Latency (stddev): 409.29 μs Latency (CV): 21.86% Latency (p50): 1884.00 μs Latency (p95): 2404.00 μs Latency (p99): 3117.00 μs Latency (min): 827.00 μs Latency (max): 5011.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 730.66 MB Peak VMS: 1514.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 10.506 seconds CPU System Time: 0.526 seconds CPU Utilization: 394.6% Database Size: 47.74 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 685553.20 ops/sec ITER: 2241330.31 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 685553.20 ops/sec Duration: 7.293 seconds Latency (avg): 11658.99 μs Latency (stddev): 822.22 μs Latency (CV): 7.05% Latency (p50): 11763.00 μs Latency (p95): 12834.00 μs Latency (p99): 13098.00 μs Latency (min): 2141.00 μs Latency (max): 14645.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2241330.31 ops/sec Duration: 2.231 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 211.81 MB Peak VMS: 1295.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.09 MB CPU User Time: 23.306 seconds CPU System Time: 1.634 seconds CPU Utilization: 261.7% Database Size: 80.67 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1538620.61 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1538620.61 ops/sec Duration: 3.250 seconds Latency (avg): 5197.65 μs Latency (stddev): 442.58 μs Latency (CV): 8.52% Latency (p50): 5184.00 μs Latency (p95): 5806.00 μs Latency (p99): 6044.00 μs Latency (min): 1712.00 μs Latency (max): 9150.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 190.43 MB Peak VMS: 1296.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.06 MB CPU User Time: 19.376 seconds CPU System Time: 0.879 seconds CPU Utilization: 338.1% Database Size: 66.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 7. Large Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (1M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 300914.78 ops/sec ITER: 794346.79 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 300914.78 ops/sec Duration: 3.323 seconds Latency (avg): 26342.49 μs Latency (stddev): 7650.13 μs Latency (CV): 29.04% Latency (p50): 24966.00 μs Latency (p95): 33967.00 μs Latency (p99): 45298.00 μs Latency (min): 19417.00 μs Latency (max): 107710.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 794346.79 ops/sec Duration: 1.259 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3419.43 MB Peak VMS: 4207.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4338.52 MB CPU User Time: 22.834 seconds CPU System Time: 9.241 seconds CPU Utilization: 699.8% Database Size: 1342.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.05x Space Amplification: 0.32x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 78718.04 ops/sec ITER: 187378.41 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 78718.04 ops/sec Duration: 12.704 seconds Latency (avg): 100902.58 μs Latency (stddev): 8660.07 μs Latency (CV): 8.58% Latency (p50): 103072.00 μs Latency (p95): 108290.00 μs Latency (p99): 112442.00 μs Latency (min): 30622.00 μs Latency (max): 126123.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 187378.41 ops/sec Duration: 5.337 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1070.98 MB Peak VMS: 1649.89 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5373.35 MB CPU User Time: 56.820 seconds CPU System Time: 11.367 seconds CPU Utilization: 377.1% Database Size: 344.84 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 8. Small Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (50M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2435623.07 ops/sec ITER: 3155731.90 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2435623.07 ops/sec Duration: 20.529 seconds Latency (avg): 3029.33 μs Latency (stddev): 819.68 μs Latency (CV): 27.06% Latency (p50): 2993.00 μs Latency (p95): 4500.00 μs Latency (p99): 5045.00 μs Latency (min): 771.00 μs Latency (max): 8545.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3155731.90 ops/sec Duration: 15.844 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 7127.33 MB Peak VMS: 9637.30 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4706.63 MB CPU User Time: 204.424 seconds CPU System Time: 10.296 seconds CPU Utilization: 589.4% Database Size: 513.87 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 747672.48 ops/sec ITER: 2385665.66 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 747672.48 ops/sec Duration: 66.874 seconds Latency (avg): 10698.70 μs Latency (stddev): 885.60 μs Latency (CV): 8.28% Latency (p50): 10796.00 μs Latency (p95): 11980.00 μs Latency (p99): 12387.00 μs Latency (min): 2603.00 μs Latency (max): 15324.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2385665.66 ops/sec Duration: 20.959 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 646.43 MB Peak VMS: 1487.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6078.16 MB CPU User Time: 276.653 seconds CPU System Time: 12.580 seconds CPU Utilization: 329.0% Database Size: 432.39 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.59x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 9. Batch Size Comparison ### Testing impact of different batch sizes on write performance *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 137523.75 ops/sec ITER: 5337190.34 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 137523.75 ops/sec Duration: 72.715 seconds Latency (avg): 57.40 μs Latency (stddev): 12.57 μs Latency (CV): 21.90% Latency (p50): 58.00 μs Latency (p95): 66.00 μs Latency (p99): 70.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 8115.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5337190.34 ops/sec Duration: 1.874 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 565.13 MB Peak VMS: 1497.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1625.21 MB CPU User Time: 54.289 seconds CPU System Time: 548.189 seconds CPU Utilization: 794.3% Database Size: 106.02 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.47x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 322207.49 ops/sec ITER: 2538143.86 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 322207.49 ops/sec Duration: 31.036 seconds Latency (avg): 23.97 μs Latency (stddev): 4.60 μs Latency (CV): 19.19% Latency (p50): 24.00 μs Latency (p95): 28.00 μs Latency (p99): 32.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 3902.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2538143.86 ops/sec Duration: 3.940 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 383.00 MB Peak VMS: 1423.91 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1585.04 MB CPU User Time: 133.674 seconds CPU System Time: 143.071 seconds CPU Utilization: 765.6% Database Size: 141.33 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.43x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1111681.53 ops/sec ITER: 8073357.76 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1111681.53 ops/sec Duration: 8.995 seconds Latency (avg): 71.15 μs Latency (stddev): 66.00 μs Latency (CV): 92.77% Latency (p50): 72.00 μs Latency (p95): 87.00 μs Latency (p99): 99.00 μs Latency (min): 12.00 μs Latency (max): 23779.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8073357.76 ops/sec Duration: 1.239 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 633.12 MB Peak VMS: 1730.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1388.08 MB CPU User Time: 31.112 seconds CPU System Time: 52.311 seconds CPU Utilization: 803.4% Database Size: 104.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1221539.80 ops/sec ITER: 2331587.67 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1221539.80 ops/sec Duration: 8.186 seconds Latency (avg): 65.25 μs Latency (stddev): 26.38 μs Latency (CV): 40.43% Latency (p50): 64.00 μs Latency (p95): 74.00 μs Latency (p99): 82.00 μs Latency (min): 16.00 μs Latency (max): 5589.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2331587.67 ops/sec Duration: 4.289 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 303.46 MB Peak VMS: 1359.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1473.34 MB CPU User Time: 52.203 seconds CPU System Time: 33.818 seconds CPU Utilization: 682.5% Database Size: 112.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2898810.36 ops/sec ITER: 3463198.67 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2898810.36 ops/sec Duration: 3.450 seconds Latency (avg): 256.76 μs Latency (stddev): 70.26 μs Latency (CV): 27.36% Latency (p50): 250.00 μs Latency (p95): 341.00 μs Latency (p99): 414.00 μs Latency (min): 97.00 μs Latency (max): 4732.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3463198.67 ops/sec Duration: 2.888 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2115.20 MB Peak VMS: 3046.89 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1231.12 MB CPU User Time: 28.918 seconds CPU System Time: 4.139 seconds CPU Utilization: 519.7% Database Size: 100.50 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1262924.45 ops/sec ITER: 2244913.81 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1262924.45 ops/sec Duration: 7.918 seconds Latency (avg): 633.01 μs Latency (stddev): 152.18 μs Latency (CV): 24.04% Latency (p50): 615.00 μs Latency (p95): 804.00 μs Latency (p99): 891.00 μs Latency (min): 149.00 μs Latency (max): 8164.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2244913.81 ops/sec Duration: 4.455 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 209.18 MB Peak VMS: 1295.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1470.08 MB CPU User Time: 49.936 seconds CPU System Time: 6.572 seconds CPU Utilization: 455.5% Database Size: 110.96 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2899005.32 ops/sec ITER: 3103855.95 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2899005.32 ops/sec Duration: 3.449 seconds Latency (avg): 2672.65 μs Latency (stddev): 630.53 μs Latency (CV): 23.59% Latency (p50): 2700.00 μs Latency (p95): 3543.00 μs Latency (p99): 4370.00 μs Latency (min): 996.00 μs Latency (max): 10146.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3103855.95 ops/sec Duration: 3.222 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2108.72 MB Peak VMS: 3101.19 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1223.61 MB CPU User Time: 33.305 seconds CPU System Time: 2.450 seconds CPU Utilization: 535.7% Database Size: 87.67 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 685026.89 ops/sec ITER: 2441473.61 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 685026.89 ops/sec Duration: 14.598 seconds Latency (avg): 11672.99 μs Latency (stddev): 823.93 μs Latency (CV): 7.06% Latency (p50): 11697.00 μs Latency (p95): 12813.00 μs Latency (p99): 13293.00 μs Latency (min): 2801.00 μs Latency (max): 20218.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2441473.61 ops/sec Duration: 4.096 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 345.24 MB Peak VMS: 1360.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1475.93 MB CPU User Time: 52.483 seconds CPU System Time: 3.394 seconds CPU Utilization: 298.9% Database Size: 163.72 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2141486.29 ops/sec ITER: 4023586.26 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2141486.29 ops/sec Duration: 4.670 seconds Latency (avg): 36645.73 μs Latency (stddev): 7113.06 μs Latency (CV): 19.41% Latency (p50): 37693.00 μs Latency (p95): 45955.00 μs Latency (p99): 49346.00 μs Latency (min): 13792.00 μs Latency (max): 61545.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4023586.26 ops/sec Duration: 2.485 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1468.00 MB Peak VMS: 2907.32 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1258.88 MB CPU User Time: 45.995 seconds CPU System Time: 1.804 seconds CPU Utilization: 668.0% Database Size: 74.78 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.14x Space Amplification: 0.07x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 445334.08 ops/sec ITER: 2646842.87 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 445334.08 ops/sec Duration: 22.455 seconds Latency (avg): 179024.25 μs Latency (stddev): 15355.85 μs Latency (CV): 8.58% Latency (p50): 180915.00 μs Latency (p95): 198097.00 μs Latency (p99): 201739.00 μs Latency (min): 18968.00 μs Latency (max): 205851.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2646842.87 ops/sec Duration: 3.778 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 310.03 MB Peak VMS: 1296.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1484.46 MB CPU User Time: 50.400 seconds CPU System Time: 2.903 seconds CPU Utilization: 203.2% Database Size: 120.93 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 10. Batch Size Impact on Deletes ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 137291.53 ops/sec ITER: 7575619.84 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 137291.53 ops/sec Duration: 36.419 seconds Latency (avg): 57.51 μs Latency (stddev): 11.75 μs Latency (CV): 20.43% Latency (p50): 58.00 μs Latency (p95): 66.00 μs Latency (p99): 70.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 7683.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7575619.84 ops/sec Duration: 0.660 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 521.51 MB Peak VMS: 1254.54 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 750.52 MB CPU User Time: 23.194 seconds CPU System Time: 275.453 seconds CPU Utilization: 792.6% Database Size: 54.21 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.36x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 143509.83 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 143509.83 ops/sec Duration: 34.841 seconds Latency (avg): 55.00 μs Latency (stddev): 198.01 μs Latency (CV): 360.00% Latency (p50): 56.00 μs Latency (p95): 63.00 μs Latency (p99): 68.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 197951.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 727.27 MB Peak VMS: 1512.47 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 185.98 MB CPU User Time: 23.330 seconds CPU System Time: 258.887 seconds CPU Utilization: 768.7% Database Size: 55.93 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.34x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 318927.67 ops/sec ITER: 2763401.95 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 318927.67 ops/sec Duration: 15.678 seconds Latency (avg): 24.24 μs Latency (stddev): 6.21 μs Latency (CV): 25.60% Latency (p50): 24.00 μs Latency (p95): 28.00 μs Latency (p99): 32.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 4431.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2763401.95 ops/sec Duration: 1.809 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 222.94 MB Peak VMS: 1296.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 714.84 MB CPU User Time: 61.978 seconds CPU System Time: 71.850 seconds CPU Utilization: 740.4% Database Size: 80.62 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 368273.64 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 368273.64 ops/sec Duration: 13.577 seconds Latency (avg): 21.14 μs Latency (stddev): 2.95 μs Latency (CV): 13.95% Latency (p50): 21.00 μs Latency (p95): 25.00 μs Latency (p99): 28.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 432.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 208.01 MB Peak VMS: 1295.45 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 180.16 MB CPU User Time: 55.184 seconds CPU System Time: 60.216 seconds CPU Utilization: 734.6% Database Size: 70.10 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.33x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=100 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3018745.81 ops/sec ITER: 4439933.47 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3018745.81 ops/sec Duration: 1.656 seconds Latency (avg): 245.69 μs Latency (stddev): 87.12 μs Latency (CV): 35.46% Latency (p50): 239.00 μs Latency (p95): 329.00 μs Latency (p99): 395.00 μs Latency (min): 98.00 μs Latency (max): 10311.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4439933.47 ops/sec Duration: 1.126 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1039.99 MB Peak VMS: 1745.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 609.85 MB CPU User Time: 13.455 seconds CPU System Time: 1.937 seconds CPU Utilization: 550.8% Database Size: 50.68 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4235924.02 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 4235924.02 ops/sec Duration: 1.180 seconds Latency (avg): 165.34 μs Latency (stddev): 31.73 μs Latency (CV): 19.19% Latency (p50): 164.00 μs Latency (p95): 218.00 μs Latency (p99): 254.00 μs Latency (min): 89.00 μs Latency (max): 588.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 726.98 MB Peak VMS: 1511.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 105.67 MB CPU User Time: 8.803 seconds CPU System Time: 1.107 seconds CPU Utilization: 378.7% Database Size: 51.54 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1327233.37 ops/sec ITER: 2205553.14 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1327233.37 ops/sec Duration: 3.767 seconds Latency (avg): 602.22 μs Latency (stddev): 143.41 μs Latency (CV): 23.81% Latency (p50): 565.00 μs Latency (p95): 763.00 μs Latency (p99): 819.00 μs Latency (min): 147.00 μs Latency (max): 5602.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2205553.14 ops/sec Duration: 2.267 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 204.37 MB Peak VMS: 1295.36 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 693.39 MB CPU User Time: 23.024 seconds CPU System Time: 3.288 seconds CPU Utilization: 434.5% Database Size: 77.98 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1386257.69 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1386257.69 ops/sec Duration: 3.607 seconds Latency (avg): 576.74 μs Latency (stddev): 95.39 μs Latency (CV): 16.54% Latency (p50): 563.00 μs Latency (p95): 703.00 μs Latency (p99): 731.00 μs Latency (min): 151.00 μs Latency (max): 6099.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 143.45 MB Peak VMS: 1296.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 160.35 MB CPU User Time: 19.988 seconds CPU System Time: 2.937 seconds CPU Utilization: 361.1% Database Size: 65.87 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.29x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3198470.88 ops/sec ITER: 4041115.93 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3198470.88 ops/sec Duration: 1.563 seconds Latency (avg): 2329.93 μs Latency (stddev): 499.27 μs Latency (CV): 21.43% Latency (p50): 2315.00 μs Latency (p95): 3080.00 μs Latency (p99): 3373.00 μs Latency (min): 1072.00 μs Latency (max): 10086.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4041115.93 ops/sec Duration: 1.237 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1042.21 MB Peak VMS: 1752.34 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.65 MB CPU User Time: 13.764 seconds CPU System Time: 1.223 seconds CPU Utilization: 534.9% Database Size: 43.87 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4194176.97 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 4194176.97 ops/sec Duration: 1.192 seconds Latency (avg): 1760.40 μs Latency (stddev): 393.87 μs Latency (CV): 22.37% Latency (p50): 1748.00 μs Latency (p95): 2205.00 μs Latency (p99): 3112.00 μs Latency (min): 906.00 μs Latency (max): 5563.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 731.10 MB Peak VMS: 1514.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 10.000 seconds CPU System Time: 0.485 seconds CPU Utilization: 394.0% Database Size: 47.13 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 706865.84 ops/sec ITER: 2288094.95 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 706865.84 ops/sec Duration: 7.073 seconds Latency (avg): 11307.26 μs Latency (stddev): 942.38 μs Latency (CV): 8.33% Latency (p50): 11359.00 μs Latency (p95): 12728.00 μs Latency (p99): 13351.00 μs Latency (min): 2863.00 μs Latency (max): 14048.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2288094.95 ops/sec Duration: 2.185 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 203.62 MB Peak VMS: 1295.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 688.92 MB CPU User Time: 22.361 seconds CPU System Time: 1.659 seconds CPU Utilization: 259.2% Database Size: 85.59 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1694997.42 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1694997.42 ops/sec Duration: 2.950 seconds Latency (avg): 4698.85 μs Latency (stddev): 697.37 μs Latency (CV): 14.84% Latency (p50): 4737.00 μs Latency (p95): 5674.00 μs Latency (p99): 6142.00 μs Latency (min): 1057.00 μs Latency (max): 6906.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 208.22 MB Peak VMS: 1296.32 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.36 MB CPU User Time: 18.611 seconds CPU System Time: 0.798 seconds CPU Utilization: 339.2% Database Size: 65.94 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 11. Seek Performance (Block Index Effectiveness) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3183253.54 ops/sec ITER: 3991767.38 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3183253.54 ops/sec Duration: 1.571 seconds Latency (avg): 2346.59 μs Latency (stddev): 532.59 μs Latency (CV): 22.70% Latency (p50): 2344.00 μs Latency (p95): 3013.00 μs Latency (p99): 4217.00 μs Latency (min): 974.00 μs Latency (max): 9916.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3991767.38 ops/sec Duration: 1.253 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1041.95 MB Peak VMS: 1750.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.25 MB CPU User Time: 13.596 seconds CPU System Time: 1.213 seconds CPU Utilization: 524.2% Database Size: 43.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1019903.83 ops/sec ITER: 9318587.60 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1019903.83 ops/sec Duration: 4.902 seconds Latency (avg): 6.35 μs Latency (stddev): 27.08 μs Latency (CV): 426.67% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 10.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1800.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9318587.60 ops/sec Duration: 0.537 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3537.66 MB Peak VMS: 4330.13 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 30.600 seconds CPU System Time: 3.137 seconds CPU Utilization: 567.7% Database Size: 43.80 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 694419.85 ops/sec ITER: 2222141.24 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 694419.85 ops/sec Duration: 7.200 seconds Latency (avg): 11509.54 μs Latency (stddev): 856.15 μs Latency (CV): 7.44% Latency (p50): 11626.00 μs Latency (p95): 12693.00 μs Latency (p99): 13127.00 μs Latency (min): 2208.00 μs Latency (max): 14180.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2222141.24 ops/sec Duration: 2.250 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 195.15 MB Peak VMS: 1295.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.01 MB CPU User Time: 23.207 seconds CPU System Time: 1.475 seconds CPU Utilization: 261.0% Database Size: 83.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 411902.60 ops/sec ITER: 2769733.24 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 411902.60 ops/sec Duration: 12.139 seconds Latency (avg): 18.29 μs Latency (stddev): 7.62 μs Latency (CV): 41.65% Latency (p50): 17.00 μs Latency (p95): 29.00 μs Latency (p99): 36.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 847.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2769733.24 ops/sec Duration: 1.805 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 237.38 MB Peak VMS: 1304.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 83.295 seconds CPU System Time: 11.199 seconds CPU Utilization: 650.1% Database Size: 52.93 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 6255919.66 ops/sec ITER: 10992514.10 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 6255919.66 ops/sec Duration: 0.799 seconds Latency (avg): 1224.26 μs Latency (stddev): 260.52 μs Latency (CV): 21.28% Latency (p50): 1184.00 μs Latency (p95): 1508.00 μs Latency (p99): 2290.00 μs Latency (min): 814.00 μs Latency (max): 8963.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10992514.10 ops/sec Duration: 0.455 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1035.20 MB Peak VMS: 1765.03 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 614.14 MB CPU User Time: 6.557 seconds CPU System Time: 1.101 seconds CPU Utilization: 610.0% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2923670.56 ops/sec ITER: 9475242.14 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 2923670.56 ops/sec Duration: 1.710 seconds Latency (avg): 2.04 μs Latency (stddev): 4.51 μs Latency (CV): 220.57% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 3.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 1519.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9475242.14 ops/sec Duration: 0.528 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1016.19 MB Peak VMS: 1513.51 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 11.529 seconds CPU System Time: 1.114 seconds CPU Utilization: 478.6% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 753913.79 ops/sec ITER: 2746627.96 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 753913.79 ops/sec Duration: 6.632 seconds Latency (avg): 10604.15 μs Latency (stddev): 962.86 μs Latency (CV): 9.08% Latency (p50): 10639.00 μs Latency (p95): 12207.00 μs Latency (p99): 12914.00 μs Latency (min): 2097.00 μs Latency (max): 13859.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2746627.96 ops/sec Duration: 1.820 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 211.28 MB Peak VMS: 1295.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 768.03 MB CPU User Time: 20.820 seconds CPU System Time: 1.698 seconds CPU Utilization: 266.1% Database Size: 111.44 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.39x Space Amplification: 0.20x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1548223.92 ops/sec ITER: 2932092.16 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1548223.92 ops/sec Duration: 3.230 seconds Latency (avg): 4.22 μs Latency (stddev): 1.86 μs Latency (CV): 44.05% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 5.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 676.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2932092.16 ops/sec Duration: 1.705 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 181.45 MB Peak VMS: 1303.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 24.066 seconds CPU System Time: 0.464 seconds CPU Utilization: 457.8% Database Size: 91.39 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1311462.34 ops/sec ITER: 3395807.15 ops/sec (656671 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1311462.34 ops/sec Duration: 3.813 seconds Latency (avg): 6006.89 μs Latency (stddev): 2718.20 μs Latency (CV): 45.25% Latency (p50): 5955.00 μs Latency (p95): 8572.00 μs Latency (p99): 9151.00 μs Latency (min): 2265.00 μs Latency (max): 159424.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3395807.15 ops/sec Duration: 0.193 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 848.30 MB Peak VMS: 1504.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 20.861 seconds CPU System Time: 8.087 seconds CPU Utilization: 722.4% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1164914.36 ops/sec ITER: 10305409.52 ops/sec (656671 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1164914.36 ops/sec Duration: 4.292 seconds Latency (avg): 2.45 μs Latency (stddev): 6.05 μs Latency (CV): 247.37% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 4.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 895.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10305409.52 ops/sec Duration: 0.064 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 608.74 MB Peak VMS: 1121.79 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 17.782 seconds CPU System Time: 14.112 seconds CPU Utilization: 656.1% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 584888.77 ops/sec ITER: 1081916.39 ops/sec (656720 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 584888.77 ops/sec Duration: 8.549 seconds Latency (avg): 13563.50 μs Latency (stddev): 2630.82 μs Latency (CV): 19.40% Latency (p50): 13900.00 μs Latency (p95): 15616.00 μs Latency (p99): 16594.00 μs Latency (min): 2403.00 μs Latency (max): 152067.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1081916.39 ops/sec Duration: 0.607 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 182.22 MB Peak VMS: 1295.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 679.96 MB CPU User Time: 24.255 seconds CPU System Time: 2.389 seconds CPU Utilization: 291.0% Database Size: 64.01 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 301246.94 ops/sec ITER: 1199997.08 ops/sec (656720 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 301246.94 ops/sec Duration: 16.598 seconds Latency (avg): 23.79 μs Latency (stddev): 13.13 μs Latency (CV): 55.22% Latency (p50): 24.00 μs Latency (p95): 44.00 μs Latency (p99): 53.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 665.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1199997.08 ops/sec Duration: 0.547 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 243.40 MB Peak VMS: 1297.14 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 102.561 seconds CPU System Time: 20.683 seconds CPU Utilization: 692.3% Database Size: 37.78 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 12. Range Query Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3547885.81 ops/sec ITER: 4183977.88 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3547885.81 ops/sec Duration: 0.282 seconds Latency (avg): 2148.36 μs Latency (stddev): 512.19 μs Latency (CV): 23.84% Latency (p50): 2122.00 μs Latency (p95): 2866.00 μs Latency (p99): 4176.00 μs Latency (min): 994.00 μs Latency (max): 9891.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4183977.88 ops/sec Duration: 0.239 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 375.10 MB Peak VMS: 1155.74 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 120.42 MB CPU User Time: 2.475 seconds CPU System Time: 0.201 seconds CPU Utilization: 513.3% Database Size: 9.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 393284.74 ops/sec ITER: 10178738.65 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 393284.74 ops/sec Duration: 2.543 seconds Latency (avg): 17.59 μs Latency (stddev): 23.24 μs Latency (CV): 132.07% Latency (p50): 13.00 μs Latency (p95): 45.00 μs Latency (p99): 54.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 1455.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 10178738.65 ops/sec Duration: 0.098 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 844.48 MB Peak VMS: 1378.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 17.219 seconds CPU System Time: 0.982 seconds CPU Utilization: 665.0% Database Size: 9.17 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 710881.61 ops/sec ITER: 2350330.93 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 710881.61 ops/sec Duration: 1.407 seconds Latency (avg): 11210.62 μs Latency (stddev): 951.43 μs Latency (CV): 8.49% Latency (p50): 11489.00 μs Latency (p95): 12179.00 μs Latency (p99): 12458.00 μs Latency (min): 2010.00 μs Latency (max): 12821.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2350330.93 ops/sec Duration: 0.425 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 117.22 MB Peak VMS: 1286.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 126.84 MB CPU User Time: 3.670 seconds CPU System Time: 0.358 seconds CPU Utilization: 219.4% Database Size: 18.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 185782.41 ops/sec ITER: 2512922.71 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 185782.41 ops/sec Duration: 5.383 seconds Latency (avg): 41.61 μs Latency (stddev): 13.55 μs Latency (CV): 32.57% Latency (p50): 39.00 μs Latency (p95): 50.00 μs Latency (p99): 56.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 696.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2512922.71 ops/sec Duration: 0.398 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 160.36 MB Peak VMS: 1295.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 41.482 seconds CPU System Time: 0.901 seconds CPU Utilization: 715.0% Database Size: 14.07 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (500K ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3527112.92 ops/sec ITER: 4191255.36 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3527112.92 ops/sec Duration: 0.142 seconds Latency (avg): 2077.99 μs Latency (stddev): 554.64 μs Latency (CV): 26.69% Latency (p50): 1890.00 μs Latency (p95): 2909.00 μs Latency (p99): 4478.00 μs Latency (min): 828.00 μs Latency (max): 5103.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4191255.36 ops/sec Duration: 0.119 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 267.21 MB Peak VMS: 992.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 1.059 seconds CPU System Time: 0.119 seconds CPU Utilization: 451.1% Database Size: 4.45 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 68288.83 ops/sec ITER: 11082542.78 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 68288.83 ops/sec Duration: 7.322 seconds Latency (avg): 103.41 μs Latency (stddev): 22.61 μs Latency (CV): 21.86% Latency (p50): 100.00 μs Latency (p95): 121.00 μs Latency (p99): 126.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 1174.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 11082542.78 ops/sec Duration: 0.045 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 504.47 MB Peak VMS: 1057.59 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 50.290 seconds CPU System Time: 2.301 seconds CPU Utilization: 705.1% Database Size: 4.45 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 696152.92 ops/sec ITER: 2545941.51 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 696152.92 ops/sec Duration: 0.718 seconds Latency (avg): 11365.14 μs Latency (stddev): 1152.18 μs Latency (CV): 10.14% Latency (p50): 11784.00 μs Latency (p95): 12266.00 μs Latency (p99): 12334.00 μs Latency (min): 3266.00 μs Latency (max): 12373.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2545941.51 ops/sec Duration: 0.196 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 87.12 MB Peak VMS: 1304.13 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 63.64 MB CPU User Time: 1.887 seconds CPU System Time: 0.184 seconds CPU Utilization: 226.4% Database Size: 56.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 27589.75 ops/sec ITER: 3730814.29 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 27589.75 ops/sec Duration: 18.123 seconds Latency (avg): 287.96 μs Latency (stddev): 33.78 μs Latency (CV): 11.73% Latency (p50): 287.00 μs Latency (p95): 293.00 μs Latency (p99): 297.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 2203.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 3730814.29 ops/sec Duration: 0.134 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 76.79 MB Peak VMS: 1234.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 144.101 seconds CPU System Time: 0.228 seconds CPU Utilization: 786.5% Database Size: 7.50 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 5411138.29 ops/sec ITER: 8553076.11 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 5411138.29 ops/sec Duration: 0.185 seconds Latency (avg): 1327.80 μs Latency (stddev): 448.40 μs Latency (CV): 33.77% Latency (p50): 1200.00 μs Latency (p95): 2250.00 μs Latency (p99): 2734.00 μs Latency (min): 862.00 μs Latency (max): 8675.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8553076.11 ops/sec Duration: 0.117 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 375.16 MB Peak VMS: 1156.28 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 119.49 MB CPU User Time: 1.361 seconds CPU System Time: 0.228 seconds CPU Utilization: 526.0% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 684464.57 ops/sec ITER: 10737678.51 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 684464.57 ops/sec Duration: 1.461 seconds Latency (avg): 11.21 μs Latency (stddev): 9.61 μs Latency (CV): 85.73% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 36.00 μs Latency (p99): 38.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1135.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 10737678.51 ops/sec Duration: 0.093 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 336.71 MB Peak VMS: 994.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 11.310 seconds CPU System Time: 0.514 seconds CPU Utilization: 705.9% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 860267.59 ops/sec ITER: 2912496.94 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 860267.59 ops/sec Duration: 1.162 seconds Latency (avg): 9271.16 μs Latency (stddev): 1024.18 μs Latency (CV): 11.05% Latency (p50): 9189.00 μs Latency (p95): 10930.00 μs Latency (p99): 11376.00 μs Latency (min): 1815.00 μs Latency (max): 11672.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2912496.94 ops/sec Duration: 0.343 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 94.46 MB Peak VMS: 1286.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 133.64 MB CPU User Time: 3.058 seconds CPU System Time: 0.332 seconds CPU Utilization: 224.3% Database Size: 24.79 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.21x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 241180.16 ops/sec ITER: 2722392.22 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 241180.16 ops/sec Duration: 4.146 seconds Latency (avg): 32.46 μs Latency (stddev): 3.83 μs Latency (CV): 11.82% Latency (p50): 32.00 μs Latency (p95): 34.00 μs Latency (p99): 42.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 1438.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2722392.22 ops/sec Duration: 0.367 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 144.65 MB Peak VMS: 1295.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 33.097 seconds CPU System Time: 0.187 seconds CPU Utilization: 717.5% Database Size: 21.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ========================================== LARGE SCALE TESTS (6GB cache, 16 threads, 4x ops) ========================================== ### 13. Sequential Write Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (40M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_40M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 7770448.52 ops/sec ITER: 11974595.89 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 7770448.52 ops/sec Duration: 5.148 seconds Latency (avg): 1623.73 μs Latency (stddev): 8195.75 μs Latency (CV): 504.75% Latency (p50): 1500.00 μs Latency (p95): 2250.00 μs Latency (p99): 2655.00 μs Latency (min): 873.00 μs Latency (max): 1639131.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 11974595.89 ops/sec Duration: 3.340 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8465.46 MB Peak VMS: 10642.72 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4740.01 MB CPU User Time: 56.435 seconds CPU System Time: 18.066 seconds CPU Utilization: 877.1% Database Size: 2465.37 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.07x Space Amplification: 0.56x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_40M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 784786.01 ops/sec ITER: 2441679.12 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 784786.01 ops/sec Duration: 50.969 seconds Latency (avg): 20383.45 μs Latency (stddev): 1350.02 μs Latency (CV): 6.62% Latency (p50): 20436.00 μs Latency (p95): 22470.00 μs Latency (p99): 23630.00 μs Latency (min): 2615.00 μs Latency (max): 27589.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2441679.12 ops/sec Duration: 16.382 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4960.99 MB Peak VMS: 7425.72 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 7737.06 MB CPU User Time: 214.519 seconds CPU System Time: 16.292 seconds CPU Utilization: 342.3% Database Size: 793.62 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.75x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 14. Random Write Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (40M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_40M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3016646.76 ops/sec ITER: 3053530.45 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3016646.76 ops/sec Duration: 13.260 seconds Latency (avg): 4335.34 μs Latency (stddev): 1113.45 μs Latency (CV): 25.68% Latency (p50): 4224.00 μs Latency (p95): 6355.00 μs Latency (p99): 7420.00 μs Latency (min): 994.00 μs Latency (max): 19254.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3053530.45 ops/sec Duration: 13.100 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8471.98 MB Peak VMS: 10933.15 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4887.16 MB CPU User Time: 195.288 seconds CPU System Time: 13.133 seconds CPU Utilization: 790.5% Database Size: 495.79 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_40M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 674382.59 ops/sec ITER: 2009459.53 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 674382.59 ops/sec Duration: 59.314 seconds Latency (avg): 23720.16 μs Latency (stddev): 1665.86 μs Latency (CV): 7.02% Latency (p50): 23991.00 μs Latency (p95): 26056.00 μs Latency (p99): 26868.00 μs Latency (min): 3777.00 μs Latency (max): 28112.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2009459.53 ops/sec Duration: 19.906 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5266.46 MB Peak VMS: 7621.27 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6849.64 MB CPU User Time: 248.701 seconds CPU System Time: 16.654 seconds CPU Utilization: 334.6% Database Size: 480.41 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.55x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 15. Random Read Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (40M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_40M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3019192.86 ops/sec ITER: 3041504.52 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3019192.86 ops/sec Duration: 13.249 seconds Latency (avg): 4186.14 μs Latency (stddev): 1071.39 μs Latency (CV): 25.59% Latency (p50): 4061.00 μs Latency (p95): 6057.00 μs Latency (p99): 7110.00 μs Latency (min): 959.00 μs Latency (max): 9688.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3041504.52 ops/sec Duration: 13.151 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8472.18 MB Peak VMS: 10949.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4891.59 MB CPU User Time: 191.988 seconds CPU System Time: 12.793 seconds CPU Utilization: 775.5% Database Size: 496.91 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 1783546.24 ops/sec ITER: 11586428.24 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 1783546.24 ops/sec Duration: 22.427 seconds Latency (avg): 8.01 μs Latency (stddev): 33.93 μs Latency (CV): 423.41% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 10.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 2279.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 11586428.24 ops/sec Duration: 3.452 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 27140.96 MB Peak VMS: 28304.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 278.568 seconds CPU System Time: 36.940 seconds CPU Utilization: 1038.3% Database Size: 496.91 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_40M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 683257.57 ops/sec ITER: 2073753.56 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 683257.57 ops/sec Duration: 58.543 seconds Latency (avg): 23411.93 μs Latency (stddev): 1693.77 μs Latency (CV): 7.23% Latency (p50): 23672.00 μs Latency (p95): 25844.00 μs Latency (p99): 26951.00 μs Latency (min): 3267.00 μs Latency (max): 28274.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2073753.56 ops/sec Duration: 19.289 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5155.74 MB Peak VMS: 7619.07 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6819.16 MB CPU User Time: 248.141 seconds CPU System Time: 15.348 seconds CPU Utilization: 338.2% Database Size: 465.86 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.54x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 2236607.46 ops/sec ITER: 3397315.83 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 2236607.46 ops/sec Duration: 17.884 seconds Latency (avg): 6.51 μs Latency (stddev): 15.71 μs Latency (CV): 241.48% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 7.00 μs Latency (p99): 96.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 1744.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3397315.83 ops/sec Duration: 11.774 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5026.56 MB Peak VMS: 7254.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 222.962 seconds CPU System Time: 30.876 seconds CPU Utilization: 753.3% Database Size: 437.09 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 16. Mixed Workload (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (20M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3408051.45 ops/sec GET: 24036.64 ops/sec ITER: 9355000.76 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3408051.45 ops/sec Duration: 5.868 seconds Latency (avg): 4020.57 μs Latency (stddev): 1019.33 μs Latency (CV): 25.35% Latency (p50): 3866.00 μs Latency (p95): 5803.00 μs Latency (p99): 6741.00 μs Latency (min): 977.00 μs Latency (max): 14933.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 24036.64 ops/sec Duration: 832.063 seconds Latency (avg): 169.50 μs Latency (stddev): 2102.48 μs Latency (CV): 1240.41% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 114.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 1055677.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9355000.76 ops/sec Duration: 2.138 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 14032.93 MB Peak VMS: 15665.89 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2497.52 MB CPU User Time: 958.536 seconds CPU System Time: 2602.025 seconds CPU Utilization: 422.8% Database Size: 199.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.13x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 684780.41 ops/sec GET: 1703852.25 ops/sec ITER: 3603823.73 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 684780.41 ops/sec Duration: 29.206 seconds Latency (avg): 23355.70 μs Latency (stddev): 1733.60 μs Latency (CV): 7.42% Latency (p50): 23568.00 μs Latency (p95): 25785.00 μs Latency (p99): 26755.00 μs Latency (min): 3238.00 μs Latency (max): 30868.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1703852.25 ops/sec Duration: 11.738 seconds Latency (avg): 8.65 μs Latency (stddev): 17.54 μs Latency (CV): 202.82% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 107.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 584.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3603823.73 ops/sec Duration: 5.550 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4193.59 MB Peak VMS: 6430.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3184.06 MB CPU User Time: 250.057 seconds CPU System Time: 25.148 seconds CPU Utilization: 566.6% Database Size: 242.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.44x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 17. Hot Key Workload (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (20M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1263282.07 ops/sec ITER: 2010029.35 ops/sec (2874949 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1263282.07 ops/sec Duration: 15.832 seconds Latency (avg): 12361.48 μs Latency (stddev): 10904.58 μs Latency (CV): 88.21% Latency (p50): 12473.00 μs Latency (p95): 13917.00 μs Latency (p99): 14691.00 μs Latency (min): 2104.00 μs Latency (max): 1158988.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2010029.35 ops/sec Duration: 1.430 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 783.34 MB Peak VMS: 2378.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2734.72 MB CPU User Time: 98.831 seconds CPU System Time: 160.989 seconds CPU Utilization: 1504.8% Database Size: 92.59 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.04x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 566816.60 ops/sec ITER: 1263003.15 ops/sec (2861393 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 566816.60 ops/sec Duration: 35.285 seconds Latency (avg): 28146.76 μs Latency (stddev): 4252.95 μs Latency (CV): 15.11% Latency (p50): 28796.00 μs Latency (p95): 31610.00 μs Latency (p99): 32429.00 μs Latency (min): 2549.00 μs Latency (max): 456094.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1263003.15 ops/sec Duration: 2.266 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 821.46 MB Peak VMS: 3459.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3289.31 MB CPU User Time: 116.641 seconds CPU System Time: 10.688 seconds CPU Utilization: 338.9% Database Size: 116.60 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.05x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (20M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1269804.51 ops/sec GET: 1079206.94 ops/sec ITER: 2537017.46 ops/sec (2860680 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1269804.51 ops/sec Duration: 15.750 seconds Latency (avg): 12444.86 μs Latency (stddev): 4547.23 μs Latency (CV): 36.54% Latency (p50): 12554.00 μs Latency (p95): 14035.00 μs Latency (p99): 14841.00 μs Latency (min): 2670.00 μs Latency (max): 624365.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1079206.94 ops/sec Duration: 18.532 seconds Latency (avg): 10.02 μs Latency (stddev): 237.49 μs Latency (CV): 2371.30% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 15.00 μs Latency (p99): 17.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 372688.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2537017.46 ops/sec Duration: 1.128 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8904.09 MB Peak VMS: 10440.67 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2709.98 MB CPU User Time: 305.828 seconds CPU System Time: 235.317 seconds CPU Utilization: 1429.3% Database Size: 84.98 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.22x Space Amplification: 0.04x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 575360.39 ops/sec GET: 1198592.52 ops/sec ITER: 2664398.96 ops/sec (2861354 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 575360.39 ops/sec Duration: 34.761 seconds Latency (avg): 27733.69 μs Latency (stddev): 4336.95 μs Latency (CV): 15.64% Latency (p50): 28373.00 μs Latency (p95): 31206.00 μs Latency (p99): 31868.00 μs Latency (min): 2470.00 μs Latency (max): 471187.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1198592.52 ops/sec Duration: 16.686 seconds Latency (avg): 6.49 μs Latency (stddev): 5.36 μs Latency (CV): 82.62% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 18.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 287.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2664398.96 ops/sec Duration: 1.074 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1170.71 MB Peak VMS: 2910.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3289.34 MB CPU User Time: 265.723 seconds CPU System Time: 108.914 seconds CPU Utilization: 683.8% Database Size: 116.61 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.05x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 18. Delete Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (20M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_20M_t16_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3298582.22 ops/sec ITER: 3347600.25 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3298582.22 ops/sec Duration: 6.063 seconds Latency (avg): 4089.50 μs Latency (stddev): 1068.43 μs Latency (CV): 26.13% Latency (p50): 4069.00 μs Latency (p95): 5838.00 μs Latency (p99): 7015.00 μs Latency (min): 1040.00 μs Latency (max): 14281.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3347600.25 ops/sec Duration: 5.974 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4218.98 MB Peak VMS: 4936.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2363.61 MB CPU User Time: 88.364 seconds CPU System Time: 6.325 seconds CPU Utilization: 786.3% Database Size: 185.61 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.07x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 5240694.62 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 5240694.62 ops/sec Duration: 3.816 seconds Latency (avg): 2472.77 μs Latency (stddev): 582.44 μs Latency (CV): 23.55% Latency (p50): 2482.00 μs Latency (p95): 3285.00 μs Latency (p99): 4775.00 μs Latency (min): 684.00 μs Latency (max): 10882.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2492.14 MB Peak VMS: 4983.12 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 547.88 MB CPU User Time: 65.151 seconds CPU System Time: 2.806 seconds CPU Utilization: 606.7% Database Size: 299.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.25x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_20M_t16_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 676075.59 ops/sec ITER: 2100839.45 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 676075.59 ops/sec Duration: 29.582 seconds Latency (avg): 23656.61 μs Latency (stddev): 1630.08 μs Latency (CV): 6.89% Latency (p50): 23903.00 μs Latency (p95): 25818.00 μs Latency (p99): 26938.00 μs Latency (min): 4177.00 μs Latency (max): 28859.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2100839.45 ops/sec Duration: 9.520 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2657.75 MB Peak VMS: 5252.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3190.88 MB CPU User Time: 118.048 seconds CPU System Time: 7.457 seconds CPU Utilization: 320.7% Database Size: 247.11 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.44x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 2493248.59 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2493248.59 ops/sec Duration: 8.022 seconds Latency (avg): 6414.06 μs Latency (stddev): 2964.34 μs Latency (CV): 46.22% Latency (p50): 6247.00 μs Latency (p95): 7400.00 μs Latency (p99): 9207.00 μs Latency (min): 3156.00 μs Latency (max): 101499.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2975.52 MB Peak VMS: 5525.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 838.07 MB CPU User Time: 98.071 seconds CPU System Time: 4.647 seconds CPU Utilization: 493.8% Database Size: 364.25 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.38x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 19. Large Value Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (4M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_4M_k256_v4096_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 284393.72 ops/sec ITER: 921804.48 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 284393.72 ops/sec Duration: 14.065 seconds Latency (avg): 55313.58 μs Latency (stddev): 16369.32 μs Latency (CV): 29.59% Latency (p50): 56904.00 μs Latency (p95): 74909.00 μs Latency (p99): 81253.00 μs Latency (min): 19153.00 μs Latency (max): 201027.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 921804.48 ops/sec Duration: 4.339 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 15881.55 MB Peak VMS: 17113.99 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 17213.81 MB CPU User Time: 107.987 seconds CPU System Time: 132.372 seconds CPU Utilization: 1305.8% Database Size: 1210.85 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.07x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_4M_k256_v4096_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 75923.00 ops/sec ITER: 180608.48 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 75923.00 ops/sec Duration: 52.685 seconds Latency (avg): 210016.55 μs Latency (stddev): 72193.48 μs Latency (CV): 34.38% Latency (p50): 206330.00 μs Latency (p95): 215595.00 μs Latency (p99): 269956.00 μs Latency (min): 38819.00 μs Latency (max): 1389087.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 180608.48 ops/sec Duration: 22.147 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 7992.32 MB Peak VMS: 9895.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 22821.98 MB CPU User Time: 246.591 seconds CPU System Time: 56.385 seconds CPU Utilization: 404.1% Database Size: 1319.50 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.37x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 20. Small Value Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (200M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 200000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_200M_k16_v64_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2783276.53 ops/sec ITER: 3462582.90 ops/sec (200000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 200000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2783276.53 ops/sec Duration: 71.858 seconds Latency (avg): 4853.25 μs Latency (stddev): 1495.26 μs Latency (CV): 30.81% Latency (p50): 4565.00 μs Latency (p95): 7717.00 μs Latency (p99): 8547.00 μs Latency (min): 796.00 μs Latency (max): 37439.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3462582.90 ops/sec Duration: 57.760 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 28359.36 MB Peak VMS: 39732.13 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 18209.21 MB CPU User Time: 1128.083 seconds CPU System Time: 41.504 seconds CPU Utilization: 902.0% Database Size: 2238.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.19x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 200000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_200M_k16_v64_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 721127.10 ops/sec ITER: 2375019.05 ops/sec (200000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 200000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 721127.10 ops/sec Duration: 277.344 seconds Latency (avg): 22186.11 μs Latency (stddev): 1727.53 μs Latency (CV): 7.79% Latency (p50): 22377.00 μs Latency (p95): 24580.00 μs Latency (p99): 25783.00 μs Latency (min): 2705.00 μs Latency (max): 31070.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2375019.05 ops/sec Duration: 84.210 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 7674.56 MB Peak VMS: 10127.55 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 29075.98 MB CPU User Time: 1375.150 seconds CPU System Time: 64.563 seconds CPU Utilization: 397.9% Database Size: 1346.63 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.91x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 21. Batch Size Comparison (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 40M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 138708.35 ops/sec ITER: 8101692.44 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 138708.35 ops/sec Duration: 288.375 seconds Latency (avg): 114.56 μs Latency (stddev): 24.42 μs Latency (CV): 21.32% Latency (p50): 117.00 μs Latency (p95): 129.00 μs Latency (p99): 135.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 8181.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8101692.44 ops/sec Duration: 4.937 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 668.71 MB Peak VMS: 4584.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 9083.38 MB CPU User Time: 400.643 seconds CPU System Time: 4459.647 seconds CPU Utilization: 1626.4% Database Size: 485.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 2.05x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 463686.29 ops/sec ITER: 2100236.19 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 463686.29 ops/sec Duration: 86.265 seconds Latency (avg): 33.63 μs Latency (stddev): 6.52 μs Latency (CV): 19.40% Latency (p50): 33.00 μs Latency (p95): 39.00 μs Latency (p99): 43.00 μs Latency (min): 6.00 μs Latency (max): 4842.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2100236.19 ops/sec Duration: 19.045 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5192.09 MB Peak VMS: 7604.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 7066.77 MB CPU User Time: 714.013 seconds CPU System Time: 833.185 seconds CPU Utilization: 1402.7% Database Size: 458.34 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.60x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (40M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3288132.47 ops/sec ITER: 3350047.84 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3288132.47 ops/sec Duration: 12.165 seconds Latency (avg): 410.27 μs Latency (stddev): 110.94 μs Latency (CV): 27.04% Latency (p50): 390.00 μs Latency (p95): 592.00 μs Latency (p99): 691.00 μs Latency (min): 88.00 μs Latency (max): 13934.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3350047.84 ops/sec Duration: 11.940 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8470.46 MB Peak VMS: 10813.43 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4897.41 MB CPU User Time: 167.670 seconds CPU System Time: 28.740 seconds CPU Utilization: 811.8% Database Size: 510.62 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 895694.45 ops/sec ITER: 2332010.42 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 895694.45 ops/sec Duration: 44.658 seconds Latency (avg): 1785.85 μs Latency (stddev): 4424.33 μs Latency (CV): 247.74% Latency (p50): 1000.00 μs Latency (p95): 1199.00 μs Latency (p99): 34333.00 μs Latency (min): 407.00 μs Latency (max): 37786.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2332010.42 ops/sec Duration: 17.153 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5012.88 MB Peak VMS: 7453.51 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6127.08 MB CPU User Time: 215.697 seconds CPU System Time: 32.924 seconds CPU Utilization: 401.8% Database Size: 490.98 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (40M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3457894.17 ops/sec ITER: 3012594.68 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3457894.17 ops/sec Duration: 11.568 seconds Latency (avg): 4046.59 μs Latency (stddev): 1017.74 μs Latency (CV): 25.15% Latency (p50): 3914.00 μs Latency (p95): 5826.00 μs Latency (p99): 7317.00 μs Latency (min): 938.00 μs Latency (max): 11180.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3012594.68 ops/sec Duration: 13.278 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8475.00 MB Peak VMS: 11023.36 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4914.66 MB CPU User Time: 188.634 seconds CPU System Time: 12.772 seconds CPU Utilization: 810.3% Database Size: 494.79 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 670375.93 ops/sec ITER: 2156568.49 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 670375.93 ops/sec Duration: 59.668 seconds Latency (avg): 23861.92 μs Latency (stddev): 1927.57 μs Latency (CV): 8.08% Latency (p50): 23992.00 μs Latency (p95): 26927.00 μs Latency (p99): 28378.00 μs Latency (min): 3177.00 μs Latency (max): 31447.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2156568.49 ops/sec Duration: 18.548 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5145.03 MB Peak VMS: 7615.34 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6794.98 MB CPU User Time: 250.186 seconds CPU System Time: 15.716 seconds CPU Utilization: 339.6% Database Size: 445.18 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.54x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 22. Delete Batch Scaling (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 140436.25 ops/sec ITER: 8129711.17 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 140436.25 ops/sec Duration: 142.413 seconds Latency (avg): 113.15 μs Latency (stddev): 24.69 μs Latency (CV): 21.82% Latency (p50): 115.00 μs Latency (p95): 127.00 μs Latency (p99): 133.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 7826.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8129711.17 ops/sec Duration: 2.460 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 631.75 MB Peak VMS: 2874.07 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4038.98 MB CPU User Time: 164.991 seconds CPU System Time: 2198.470 seconds CPU Utilization: 1601.6% Database Size: 239.94 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.83x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 145871.58 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 145871.58 ops/sec Duration: 137.107 seconds Latency (avg): 109.19 μs Latency (stddev): 44.64 μs Latency (CV): 40.89% Latency (p50): 111.00 μs Latency (p95): 123.00 μs Latency (p99): 129.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 138871.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1570.39 MB Peak VMS: 3733.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1616.25 MB CPU User Time: 143.869 seconds CPU System Time: 2109.099 seconds CPU Utilization: 1582.2% Database Size: 388.70 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.73x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 467339.60 ops/sec ITER: 2243378.78 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 467339.60 ops/sec Duration: 42.795 seconds Latency (avg): 33.34 μs Latency (stddev): 7.66 μs Latency (CV): 22.97% Latency (p50): 33.00 μs Latency (p95): 38.00 μs Latency (p99): 43.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 3725.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2243378.78 ops/sec Duration: 8.915 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2681.09 MB Peak VMS: 5225.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3291.28 MB CPU User Time: 342.539 seconds CPU System Time: 414.127 seconds CPU Utilization: 1397.6% Database Size: 214.36 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 542735.61 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 542735.61 ops/sec Duration: 36.850 seconds Latency (avg): 28.91 μs Latency (stddev): 3.62 μs Latency (CV): 12.52% Latency (p50): 29.00 μs Latency (p95): 33.00 μs Latency (p99): 37.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 1429.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1648.92 MB Peak VMS: 4246.17 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 934.28 MB CPU User Time: 302.862 seconds CPU System Time: 345.280 seconds CPU Utilization: 1461.2% Database Size: 9.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.42x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3342168.91 ops/sec ITER: 2985054.13 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3342168.91 ops/sec Duration: 5.984 seconds Latency (avg): 3920.95 μs Latency (stddev): 1386.71 μs Latency (CV): 35.37% Latency (p50): 3754.00 μs Latency (p95): 5923.00 μs Latency (p99): 6757.00 μs Latency (min): 1000.00 μs Latency (max): 92332.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2985054.13 ops/sec Duration: 6.700 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4227.32 MB Peak VMS: 5613.56 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2453.73 MB CPU User Time: 91.942 seconds CPU System Time: 6.519 seconds CPU Utilization: 776.1% Database Size: 201.94 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 5256563.67 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 5256563.67 ops/sec Duration: 3.805 seconds Latency (avg): 2406.75 μs Latency (stddev): 641.75 μs Latency (CV): 26.66% Latency (p50): 2386.00 μs Latency (p95): 3682.00 μs Latency (p99): 4879.00 μs Latency (min): 523.00 μs Latency (max): 5579.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2510.93 MB Peak VMS: 4827.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 584.82 MB CPU User Time: 69.464 seconds CPU System Time: 2.720 seconds CPU Utilization: 628.5% Database Size: 365.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.26x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 680179.52 ops/sec ITER: 2081636.58 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 680179.52 ops/sec Duration: 29.404 seconds Latency (avg): 23512.14 μs Latency (stddev): 1664.06 μs Latency (CV): 7.08% Latency (p50): 23774.00 μs Latency (p95): 25900.00 μs Latency (p99): 26475.00 μs Latency (min): 3965.00 μs Latency (max): 28014.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2081636.58 ops/sec Duration: 9.608 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2702.96 MB Peak VMS: 5284.21 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3190.75 MB CPU User Time: 118.241 seconds CPU System Time: 7.638 seconds CPU Utilization: 322.4% Database Size: 267.58 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.44x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 2430514.03 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2430514.03 ops/sec Duration: 8.229 seconds Latency (avg): 6579.66 μs Latency (stddev): 4114.25 μs Latency (CV): 62.53% Latency (p50): 6282.00 μs Latency (p95): 7635.00 μs Latency (p99): 9232.00 μs Latency (min): 2357.00 μs Latency (max): 101988.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2936.02 MB Peak VMS: 5550.35 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 835.57 MB CPU User Time: 96.797 seconds CPU System Time: 4.857 seconds CPU Utilization: 492.6% Database Size: 364.01 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.38x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 23. Seek Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3235207.86 ops/sec ITER: 2967273.64 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3235207.86 ops/sec Duration: 6.182 seconds Latency (avg): 4247.98 μs Latency (stddev): 1146.42 μs Latency (CV): 26.99% Latency (p50): 4133.00 μs Latency (p95): 6071.00 μs Latency (p99): 6902.00 μs Latency (min): 961.00 μs Latency (max): 17888.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2967273.64 ops/sec Duration: 6.740 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4235.18 MB Peak VMS: 5618.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2450.32 MB CPU User Time: 99.230 seconds CPU System Time: 6.107 seconds CPU Utilization: 814.8% Database Size: 188.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1041601.62 ops/sec ITER: 9819088.21 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1041601.62 ops/sec Duration: 19.201 seconds Latency (avg): 14.35 μs Latency (stddev): 39.38 μs Latency (CV): 274.36% Latency (p50): 13.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 58.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 5274.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9819088.21 ops/sec Duration: 2.037 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 17406.31 MB Peak VMS: 19039.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 198.87 MB CPU User Time: 286.074 seconds CPU System Time: 19.637 seconds CPU Utilization: 1306.5% Database Size: 198.67 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 679174.94 ops/sec ITER: 2083772.44 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 679174.94 ops/sec Duration: 29.447 seconds Latency (avg): 23548.33 μs Latency (stddev): 1691.07 μs Latency (CV): 7.18% Latency (p50): 23842.00 μs Latency (p95): 25827.00 μs Latency (p99): 26801.00 μs Latency (min): 4316.00 μs Latency (max): 28663.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2083772.44 ops/sec Duration: 9.598 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2671.22 MB Peak VMS: 5253.02 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3187.84 MB CPU User Time: 118.237 seconds CPU System Time: 7.820 seconds CPU Utilization: 322.6% Database Size: 246.46 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.44x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 785640.13 ops/sec ITER: 2872765.37 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 785640.13 ops/sec Duration: 25.457 seconds Latency (avg): 19.67 μs Latency (stddev): 22.02 μs Latency (CV): 111.97% Latency (p50): 18.00 μs Latency (p95): 22.00 μs Latency (p99): 61.00 μs Latency (min): 8.00 μs Latency (max): 1155.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2872765.37 ops/sec Duration: 6.962 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4889.34 MB Peak VMS: 7227.89 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 174.93 MB CPU User Time: 388.145 seconds CPU System Time: 18.673 seconds CPU Utilization: 1173.7% Database Size: 175.23 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 8942172.31 ops/sec ITER: 9588798.75 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 8942172.31 ops/sec Duration: 2.237 seconds Latency (avg): 1629.85 μs Latency (stddev): 382.76 μs Latency (CV): 23.48% Latency (p50): 1563.00 μs Latency (p95): 2254.00 μs Latency (p99): 2730.00 μs Latency (min): 832.00 μs Latency (max): 8228.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9588798.75 ops/sec Duration: 2.086 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4234.98 MB Peak VMS: 5618.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2397.38 MB CPU User Time: 28.528 seconds CPU System Time: 9.975 seconds CPU Utilization: 889.5% Database Size: 223.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 2996546.03 ops/sec ITER: 9367870.17 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 2996546.03 ops/sec Duration: 6.674 seconds Latency (avg): 4.09 μs Latency (stddev): 4.99 μs Latency (CV): 121.92% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 6.00 μs Latency (p99): 7.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 2553.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9367870.17 ops/sec Duration: 2.135 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3590.29 MB Peak VMS: 5495.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 155.26 MB CPU User Time: 99.279 seconds CPU System Time: 3.904 seconds CPU Utilization: 953.7% Database Size: 222.60 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 780529.53 ops/sec ITER: 2567150.56 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 780529.53 ops/sec Duration: 25.624 seconds Latency (avg): 20491.17 μs Latency (stddev): 1266.56 μs Latency (CV): 6.18% Latency (p50): 20586.00 μs Latency (p95): 22323.00 μs Latency (p99): 23558.00 μs Latency (min): 3204.00 μs Latency (max): 27284.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2567150.56 ops/sec Duration: 7.791 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2505.09 MB Peak VMS: 5080.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3622.65 MB CPU User Time: 101.006 seconds CPU System Time: 7.720 seconds CPU Utilization: 325.3% Database Size: 392.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.64x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1219323.20 ops/sec ITER: 2772092.68 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1219323.20 ops/sec Duration: 16.403 seconds Latency (avg): 10.40 μs Latency (stddev): 4.68 μs Latency (CV): 44.95% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 15.00 μs Latency (p99): 21.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 3457.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2772092.68 ops/sec Duration: 7.215 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4661.10 MB Peak VMS: 7198.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 349.26 MB CPU User Time: 230.823 seconds CPU System Time: 5.095 seconds CPU Utilization: 924.6% Database Size: 349.55 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1269058.24 ops/sec ITER: 1612847.15 ops/sec (2860657 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1269058.24 ops/sec Duration: 15.760 seconds Latency (avg): 12395.90 μs Latency (stddev): 4582.39 μs Latency (CV): 36.97% Latency (p50): 12491.00 μs Latency (p95): 13960.00 μs Latency (p99): 14651.00 μs Latency (min): 2767.00 μs Latency (max): 631636.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1612847.15 ops/sec Duration: 1.774 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 772.48 MB Peak VMS: 2118.67 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2708.26 MB CPU User Time: 96.029 seconds CPU System Time: 163.560 seconds CPU Utilization: 1477.0% Database Size: 85.03 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.22x Space Amplification: 0.04x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1200903.46 ops/sec ITER: 5593349.35 ops/sec (2860657 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1200903.46 ops/sec Duration: 16.654 seconds Latency (avg): 6.17 μs Latency (stddev): 18.09 μs Latency (CV): 292.99% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 9.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 2563.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5593349.35 ops/sec Duration: 0.511 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3551.87 MB Peak VMS: 4523.21 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 141.300 seconds CPU System Time: 107.811 seconds CPU Utilization: 1286.7% Database Size: 85.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 567542.95 ops/sec ITER: 1201535.84 ops/sec (2861299 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 567542.95 ops/sec Duration: 35.240 seconds Latency (avg): 28110.01 μs Latency (stddev): 4526.46 μs Latency (CV): 16.10% Latency (p50): 28754.00 μs Latency (p95): 31686.00 μs Latency (p99): 32368.00 μs Latency (min): 2239.00 μs Latency (max): 488450.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1201535.84 ops/sec Duration: 2.381 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 826.19 MB Peak VMS: 3455.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3291.56 MB CPU User Time: 116.689 seconds CPU System Time: 10.258 seconds CPU Utilization: 337.3% Database Size: 102.45 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.05x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1086294.77 ops/sec ITER: 2812413.63 ops/sec (2861299 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1086294.77 ops/sec Duration: 18.411 seconds Latency (avg): 10.51 μs Latency (stddev): 6.72 μs Latency (CV): 63.97% Latency (p50): 11.00 μs Latency (p95): 13.00 μs Latency (p99): 14.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 651.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2812413.63 ops/sec Duration: 1.017 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 481.61 MB Peak VMS: 2939.37 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 232.555 seconds CPU System Time: 46.121 seconds CPU Utilization: 1287.6% Database Size: 90.13 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ### 24. Range Query Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (4M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_4M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4144631.04 ops/sec ITER: 3945531.93 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4144631.04 ops/sec Duration: 0.965 seconds Latency (avg): 3289.36 μs Latency (stddev): 755.82 μs Latency (CV): 22.98% Latency (p50): 3252.00 μs Latency (p95): 4372.00 μs Latency (p99): 5640.00 μs Latency (min): 1045.00 μs Latency (max): 11014.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3945531.93 ops/sec Duration: 1.014 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1015.03 MB Peak VMS: 1668.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 469.65 MB CPU User Time: 13.803 seconds CPU System Time: 1.233 seconds CPU Utilization: 759.5% Database Size: 34.78 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.06x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_4M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 693997.32 ops/sec ITER: 9775792.21 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 693997.32 ops/sec Duration: 5.764 seconds Latency (avg): 20.96 μs Latency (stddev): 36.04 μs Latency (CV): 171.96% Latency (p50): 17.00 μs Latency (p95): 52.00 μs Latency (p99): 59.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 2582.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 9775792.21 ops/sec Duration: 0.409 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2873.80 MB Peak VMS: 3878.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 80.132 seconds CPU System Time: 5.101 seconds CPU Utilization: 1287.4% Database Size: 34.78 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_4M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 678371.28 ops/sec ITER: 2050432.44 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 678371.28 ops/sec Duration: 5.896 seconds Latency (avg): 23538.52 μs Latency (stddev): 1887.31 μs Latency (CV): 8.02% Latency (p50): 23799.00 μs Latency (p95): 26040.00 μs Latency (p99): 26474.00 μs Latency (min): 3730.00 μs Latency (max): 27000.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2050432.44 ops/sec Duration: 1.951 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 601.93 MB Peak VMS: 3348.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 552.24 MB CPU User Time: 18.855 seconds CPU System Time: 1.603 seconds CPU Utilization: 260.7% Database Size: 70.76 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_4M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 284986.57 ops/sec ITER: 2895768.27 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 284986.57 ops/sec Duration: 14.036 seconds Latency (avg): 53.69 μs Latency (stddev): 29.71 μs Latency (CV): 55.33% Latency (p50): 51.00 μs Latency (p95): 58.00 μs Latency (p99): 83.00 μs Latency (min): 6.00 μs Latency (max): 1893.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2895768.27 ops/sec Duration: 1.381 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 974.39 MB Peak VMS: 3365.10 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 35.07 MB CPU User Time: 215.312 seconds CPU System Time: 2.796 seconds CPU Utilization: 1373.0% Database Size: 35.18 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (2M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 2000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_2M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 5108126.26 ops/sec ITER: 4516252.86 ops/sec (2000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 2000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 5108126.26 ops/sec Duration: 0.392 seconds Latency (avg): 2842.00 μs Latency (stddev): 689.11 μs Latency (CV): 24.25% Latency (p50): 2775.00 μs Latency (p95): 3836.00 μs Latency (p99): 4992.00 μs Latency (min): 1193.00 μs Latency (max): 10942.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4516252.86 ops/sec Duration: 0.443 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 590.75 MB Peak VMS: 1668.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 238.91 MB CPU User Time: 5.690 seconds CPU System Time: 0.921 seconds CPU Utilization: 791.9% Database Size: 17.67 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 2000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_2M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 109342.02 ops/sec ITER: 9687528.76 ops/sec (2000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 2000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 109342.02 ops/sec Duration: 18.291 seconds Latency (avg): 135.19 μs Latency (stddev): 57.73 μs Latency (CV): 42.70% Latency (p50): 139.00 μs Latency (p95): 183.00 μs Latency (p99): 197.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 3499.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 9687528.76 ops/sec Duration: 0.206 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1537.79 MB Peak VMS: 2275.87 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 261.409 seconds CPU System Time: 11.104 seconds CPU Utilization: 1454.8% Database Size: 17.67 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 2000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_2M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 672262.81 ops/sec ITER: 2114960.81 ops/sec (2000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 2000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 672262.81 ops/sec Duration: 2.975 seconds Latency (avg): 23704.97 μs Latency (stddev): 1668.54 μs Latency (CV): 7.04% Latency (p50): 23957.00 μs Latency (p95): 25441.00 μs Latency (p99): 25757.00 μs Latency (min): 3037.00 μs Latency (max): 26402.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2114960.81 ops/sec Duration: 0.946 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 266.68 MB Peak VMS: 3074.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 263.91 MB CPU User Time: 8.746 seconds CPU System Time: 0.798 seconds CPU Utilization: 243.1% Database Size: 37.42 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.19x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 2000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_2M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 41780.44 ops/sec ITER: 2851513.16 ops/sec (2000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 2000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 41780.44 ops/sec Duration: 47.869 seconds Latency (avg): 377.77 μs Latency (stddev): 68.81 μs Latency (CV): 18.21% Latency (p50): 375.00 μs Latency (p95): 385.00 μs Latency (p99): 392.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 5171.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 2851513.16 ops/sec Duration: 0.701 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 504.99 MB Peak VMS: 3137.56 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 18.17 MB CPU User Time: 755.444 seconds CPU System Time: 1.337 seconds CPU Utilization: 1550.9% Database Size: 18.25 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (4M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_4M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 8494805.43 ops/sec ITER: 10094535.32 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 8494805.43 ops/sec Duration: 0.471 seconds Latency (avg): 1660.50 μs Latency (stddev): 480.29 μs Latency (CV): 28.92% Latency (p50): 1569.00 μs Latency (p95): 2363.00 μs Latency (p99): 3233.00 μs Latency (min): 957.00 μs Latency (max): 8815.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10094535.32 ops/sec Duration: 0.396 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1014.56 MB Peak VMS: 1669.72 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 471.93 MB CPU User Time: 5.144 seconds CPU System Time: 2.202 seconds CPU Utilization: 846.2% Database Size: 44.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.07x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_4M_t16 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1210836.26 ops/sec ITER: 9940234.34 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 1210836.26 ops/sec Duration: 3.304 seconds Latency (avg): 12.23 μs Latency (stddev): 10.67 μs Latency (CV): 87.26% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 39.00 μs Latency (p99): 41.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 2642.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 9940234.34 ops/sec Duration: 0.402 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 852.54 MB Peak VMS: 1510.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 49.402 seconds CPU System Time: 1.906 seconds CPU Utilization: 1267.7% Database Size: 44.26 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_4M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 765234.33 ops/sec ITER: 2576758.41 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 765234.33 ops/sec Duration: 5.227 seconds Latency (avg): 20866.38 μs Latency (stddev): 1458.43 μs Latency (CV): 6.99% Latency (p50): 20866.00 μs Latency (p95): 23023.00 μs Latency (p99): 23730.00 μs Latency (min): 3887.00 μs Latency (max): 25124.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2576758.41 ops/sec Duration: 1.552 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 599.38 MB Peak VMS: 3337.08 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 611.38 MB CPU User Time: 16.450 seconds CPU System Time: 1.391 seconds CPU Utilization: 263.1% Database Size: 97.61 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_4M_t16 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 392384.91 ops/sec ITER: 2780237.52 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 392384.91 ops/sec Duration: 10.194 seconds Latency (avg): 36.20 μs Latency (stddev): 7.62 μs Latency (CV): 21.04% Latency (p50): 35.00 μs Latency (p95): 44.00 μs Latency (p99): 56.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 3549.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2780237.52 ops/sec Duration: 1.439 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 945.50 MB Peak VMS: 3358.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 69.70 MB CPU User Time: 149.853 seconds CPU System Time: 1.115 seconds CPU Utilization: 1258.1% Database Size: 69.80 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv ========================================== DURABILITY TESTS (sync enabled, 64MB cache) ========================================== ### 25. Synced Write Scaling ### Testing durable writes with sync enabled, scaling ops and threads *------------------------------------------* TEST: Synced Random Write (25K ops, 1 thread, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 25000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 1 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_25K_t1_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 597585.75 ops/sec ITER: 4405286.34 ops/sec (25000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 25000 Threads: 1 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 597585.75 ops/sec Duration: 0.042 seconds Latency (avg): 1662.40 μs Latency (stddev): 380.44 μs Latency (CV): 22.89% Latency (p50): 1880.00 μs Latency (p95): 1992.00 μs Latency (p99): 2117.00 μs Latency (min): 1030.00 μs Latency (max): 2117.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4405286.34 ops/sec Duration: 0.006 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 164.63 MB Peak VMS: 520.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2.86 MB CPU User Time: 0.040 seconds CPU System Time: 0.008 seconds CPU Utilization: 99.9% Database Size: 0.24 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.03x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 25000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 1 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_25K_t1_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 227811.19 ops/sec ITER: 2144450.16 ops/sec (25000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 25000 Threads: 1 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 227811.19 ops/sec Duration: 0.110 seconds Latency (avg): 4385.36 μs Latency (stddev): 422.41 μs Latency (CV): 9.63% Latency (p50): 4241.00 μs Latency (p95): 4939.00 μs Latency (p99): 5218.00 μs Latency (min): 3783.00 μs Latency (max): 5218.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2144450.16 ops/sec Duration: 0.012 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 19.75 MB Peak VMS: 1946.30 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2.93 MB CPU User Time: 0.051 seconds CPU System Time: 0.000 seconds CPU Utilization: 41.6% Database Size: 2.88 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.06x Space Amplification: 1.04x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Synced Random Write (50K ops, 4 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 50000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 4 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_50K_t4_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1635965.06 ops/sec ITER: 4804920.24 ops/sec (50000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 50000 Threads: 4 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1635965.06 ops/sec Duration: 0.031 seconds Latency (avg): 2228.88 μs Latency (stddev): 474.26 μs Latency (CV): 21.28% Latency (p50): 2263.00 μs Latency (p95): 2970.00 μs Latency (p99): 3300.00 μs Latency (min): 541.00 μs Latency (max): 3300.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4804920.24 ops/sec Duration: 0.010 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 170.81 MB Peak VMS: 736.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5.72 MB CPU User Time: 0.117 seconds CPU System Time: 0.010 seconds CPU Utilization: 308.3% Database Size: 0.50 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.03x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 50000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 4 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_50K_t4_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 306006.92 ops/sec ITER: 2601321.47 ops/sec (50000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 50000 Threads: 4 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 306006.92 ops/sec Duration: 0.163 seconds Latency (avg): 12202.58 μs Latency (stddev): 1833.91 μs Latency (CV): 15.03% Latency (p50): 12246.00 μs Latency (p95): 14303.00 μs Latency (p99): 21298.00 μs Latency (min): 5610.00 μs Latency (max): 21298.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2601321.47 ops/sec Duration: 0.019 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 24.91 MB Peak VMS: 2149.42 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5.78 MB CPU User Time: 0.171 seconds CPU System Time: 0.012 seconds CPU Utilization: 99.6% Database Size: 5.72 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.05x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Synced Random Write (100K ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 100000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_100K_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2615609.96 ops/sec ITER: 5204538.36 ops/sec (100000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 100000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2615609.96 ops/sec Duration: 0.038 seconds Latency (avg): 2645.49 μs Latency (stddev): 671.71 μs Latency (CV): 25.39% Latency (p50): 2591.00 μs Latency (p95): 4224.00 μs Latency (p99): 5015.00 μs Latency (min): 1171.00 μs Latency (max): 5139.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5204538.36 ops/sec Duration: 0.019 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 182.69 MB Peak VMS: 993.27 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 11.45 MB CPU User Time: 0.258 seconds CPU System Time: 0.032 seconds CPU Utilization: 503.6% Database Size: 0.98 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.03x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 100000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_100K_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 314018.08 ops/sec ITER: 2535111.29 ops/sec (100000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 100000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 314018.08 ops/sec Duration: 0.318 seconds Latency (avg): 23910.79 μs Latency (stddev): 3916.19 μs Latency (CV): 16.38% Latency (p50): 24254.00 μs Latency (p95): 30398.00 μs Latency (p99): 30893.00 μs Latency (min): 4304.00 μs Latency (max): 30896.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2535111.29 ops/sec Duration: 0.039 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 31.96 MB Peak VMS: 2412.83 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 11.55 MB CPU User Time: 0.308 seconds CPU System Time: 0.038 seconds CPU Utilization: 96.5% Database Size: 11.39 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Synced Random Write (500K ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_500K_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4431877.61 ops/sec ITER: 5206923.12 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4431877.61 ops/sec Duration: 0.113 seconds Latency (avg): 2813.01 μs Latency (stddev): 1018.58 μs Latency (CV): 36.21% Latency (p50): 2530.00 μs Latency (p95): 4638.00 μs Latency (p99): 6291.00 μs Latency (min): 459.00 μs Latency (max): 7512.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5206923.12 ops/sec Duration: 0.096 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 269.89 MB Peak VMS: 1504.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 1.277 seconds CPU System Time: 0.230 seconds CPU Utilization: 720.8% Database Size: 4.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_500K_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 301008.44 ops/sec ITER: 2576867.97 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 301008.44 ops/sec Duration: 1.661 seconds Latency (avg): 51710.41 μs Latency (stddev): 6465.72 μs Latency (CV): 12.50% Latency (p50): 52640.00 μs Latency (p95): 58318.00 μs Latency (p99): 61290.00 μs Latency (min): 7168.00 μs Latency (max): 64747.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2576867.97 ops/sec Duration: 0.194 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 26.93 MB Peak VMS: 2915.12 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 64.39 MB CPU User Time: 2.028 seconds CPU System Time: 0.238 seconds CPU Utilization: 121.7% Database Size: 9.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.16x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------* RUNNER Complete Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_085435.csv *------------------------------------------*