*------------------------------------------* RUNNER: TidesDB vs RocksDB Comparison Date: Mon Feb 23 02:28:00 AM EST 2026 Sync Mode: DISABLED (maximum performance) TidesDB B+tree: DISABLED (block-based klog) Parameters: Default Batch Size: 1000 Default Threads: 8 Environment: Hostname: agpmastersystem Kernel: 6.2.0-39-generic Filesystem: unknown CPU: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-11700K @ 3.60GHz CPU Cores: 16 Memory: 46Gi Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* ### 1. Sequential Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 11116101.01 ops/sec ITER: 19247166.34 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2236896.76 ops/sec ITER: 5629945.91 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 11116101.01 ops/sec Duration: 0.900 seconds Latency (avg): 674.30 μs Latency (stddev): 173.25 μs Latency (CV): 25.69% Latency (p50): 601.00 μs Latency (p95): 1013.00 μs Latency (p99): 1135.00 μs Latency (min): 397.00 μs Latency (max): 1710.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 19247166.34 ops/sec Duration: 0.520 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2034.75 MB Peak VMS: 2732.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1196.14 MB CPU User Time: 6.881 seconds CPU System Time: 1.387 seconds CPU Utilization: 582.2% Database Size: 110.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2236896.76 ops/sec Duration: 4.470 seconds Latency (avg): 3574.95 μs Latency (stddev): 17797.40 μs Latency (CV): 497.84% Latency (p50): 2716.00 μs Latency (p95): 3495.00 μs Latency (p99): 11961.00 μs Latency (min): 2026.00 μs Latency (max): 617986.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 5629945.91 ops/sec Duration: 1.776 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 484.98 MB Peak VMS: 1293.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.04 MB Disk Writes: 1578.09 MB CPU User Time: 14.839 seconds CPU System Time: 1.301 seconds CPU Utilization: 258.0% Database Size: 207.74 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.43x Space Amplification: 0.19x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 4.97x faster (11116101 vs 2236897 ops/sec) ITER: 3.42x faster (19247166 vs 5629946 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 674.30 μs vs 3574.95 μs PUT p99: 1135.00 μs vs 11961.00 μs PUT max: 1710.00 μs vs 617986.00 μs PUT CV: 25.69% vs 497.84% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2034.75 MB vs 484.98 MB Peak VMS: 2732.68 MB vs 1293.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.04 MB Disk Writes: 1196.14 MB vs 1578.09 MB CPU User Time: 6.881 s vs 14.839 s CPU System Time: 1.387 s vs 1.301 s CPU Utilization: 582.2% vs 258.0% Database Size: 110.65 MB vs 207.74 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.08x vs 1.43x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 2. Random Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4044870.56 ops/sec ITER: 6648675.35 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1965199.46 ops/sec ITER: 4624643.15 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4044870.56 ops/sec Duration: 2.472 seconds Latency (avg): 1821.16 μs Latency (stddev): 640.24 μs Latency (CV): 35.16% Latency (p50): 1765.00 μs Latency (p95): 3053.00 μs Latency (p99): 4138.00 μs Latency (min): 495.00 μs Latency (max): 5278.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6648675.35 ops/sec Duration: 1.504 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2024.62 MB Peak VMS: 2743.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1189.44 MB CPU User Time: 20.598 seconds CPU System Time: 1.468 seconds CPU Utilization: 554.8% Database Size: 87.46 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1965199.46 ops/sec Duration: 5.089 seconds Latency (avg): 4068.77 μs Latency (stddev): 14050.39 μs Latency (CV): 345.32% Latency (p50): 3592.00 μs Latency (p95): 4346.00 μs Latency (p99): 5442.00 μs Latency (min): 2260.00 μs Latency (max): 494371.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4624643.15 ops/sec Duration: 2.162 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 542.53 MB Peak VMS: 1358.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.05 MB Disk Writes: 1454.97 MB CPU User Time: 19.030 seconds CPU System Time: 1.216 seconds CPU Utilization: 279.2% Database Size: 141.53 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.06x faster (4044871 vs 1965199 ops/sec) ITER: 1.44x faster (6648675 vs 4624643 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 1821.16 μs vs 4068.77 μs PUT p99: 4138.00 μs vs 5442.00 μs PUT max: 5278.00 μs vs 494371.00 μs PUT CV: 35.16% vs 345.32% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2024.62 MB vs 542.53 MB Peak VMS: 2743.75 MB vs 1358.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.05 MB Disk Writes: 1189.44 MB vs 1454.97 MB CPU User Time: 20.598 s vs 19.030 s CPU System Time: 1.468 s vs 1.216 s CPU Utilization: 554.8% vs 279.2% Database Size: 87.46 MB vs 141.53 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.08x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 3. Random Read Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (10M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4039664.66 ops/sec ITER: 5571154.79 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4039664.66 ops/sec Duration: 2.475 seconds Latency (avg): 1784.11 μs Latency (stddev): 630.11 μs Latency (CV): 35.32% Latency (p50): 1764.00 μs Latency (p95): 2938.00 μs Latency (p99): 4016.00 μs Latency (min): 556.00 μs Latency (max): 7050.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5571154.79 ops/sec Duration: 1.795 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2031.39 MB Peak VMS: 3055.79 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1230.80 MB CPU User Time: 22.212 seconds CPU System Time: 1.337 seconds CPU Utilization: 551.3% Database Size: 89.54 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 3454005.94 ops/sec ITER: 20261987.50 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 3454005.94 ops/sec Duration: 2.895 seconds Latency (avg): 2.05 μs Latency (stddev): 3.35 μs Latency (CV): 163.24% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 999.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 20261987.50 ops/sec Duration: 0.494 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1788.64 MB Peak VMS: 2338.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 22.018 seconds CPU System Time: 0.691 seconds CPU Utilization: 566.2% Database Size: 89.54 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2082357.66 ops/sec ITER: 4175311.30 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2082357.66 ops/sec Duration: 4.802 seconds Latency (avg): 3840.20 μs Latency (stddev): 6666.38 μs Latency (CV): 173.59% Latency (p50): 3694.00 μs Latency (p95): 4396.00 μs Latency (p99): 4811.00 μs Latency (min): 959.00 μs Latency (max): 239524.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4175311.30 ops/sec Duration: 2.395 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 233.89 MB Peak VMS: 1294.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.02 MB Disk Writes: 1447.38 MB CPU User Time: 19.021 seconds CPU System Time: 1.333 seconds CPU Utilization: 282.4% Database Size: 132.66 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.31x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 1547193.18 ops/sec ITER: 6573079.17 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 1547193.18 ops/sec Duration: 6.463 seconds Latency (avg): 4.63 μs Latency (stddev): 2.25 μs Latency (CV): 48.46% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 664.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6573079.17 ops/sec Duration: 1.521 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 347.90 MB Peak VMS: 1311.57 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 85.93 MB CPU User Time: 49.181 seconds CPU System Time: 5.293 seconds CPU Utilization: 628.1% Database Size: 86.11 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 4. Mixed Workload (50/50 Read/Write, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4725018.12 ops/sec GET: 2004831.64 ops/sec ITER: 6352868.83 ops/sec (5000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2234015.84 ops/sec GET: 1660030.42 ops/sec ITER: 5268481.83 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4725018.12 ops/sec Duration: 1.058 seconds Latency (avg): 1506.47 μs Latency (stddev): 519.44 μs Latency (CV): 34.48% Latency (p50): 1511.00 μs Latency (p95): 2340.00 μs Latency (p99): 3457.00 μs Latency (min): 554.00 μs Latency (max): 5178.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 2004831.64 ops/sec Duration: 2.494 seconds Latency (avg): 3.76 μs Latency (stddev): 3.84 μs Latency (CV): 102.08% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 477.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6352868.83 ops/sec Duration: 0.787 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1119.64 MB Peak VMS: 1980.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 613.59 MB CPU User Time: 29.692 seconds CPU System Time: 0.848 seconds CPU Utilization: 654.9% Database Size: 43.67 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2234015.84 ops/sec Duration: 2.238 seconds Latency (avg): 3577.59 μs Latency (stddev): 476.30 μs Latency (CV): 13.31% Latency (p50): 3646.00 μs Latency (p95): 4161.00 μs Latency (p99): 5102.00 μs Latency (min): 650.00 μs Latency (max): 6857.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1660030.42 ops/sec Duration: 3.012 seconds Latency (avg): 4.32 μs Latency (stddev): 2.23 μs Latency (CV): 51.64% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 738.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 5268481.83 ops/sec Duration: 0.949 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 512.55 MB Peak VMS: 1357.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.68 MB CPU User Time: 29.492 seconds CPU System Time: 2.183 seconds CPU Utilization: 485.6% Database Size: 78.87 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.12x faster (4725018 vs 2234016 ops/sec) GET: 1.21x faster (2004832 vs 1660030 ops/sec) ITER: 1.21x faster (6352869 vs 5268482 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 1506.47 μs vs 3577.59 μs PUT p99: 3457.00 μs vs 5102.00 μs PUT max: 5178.00 μs vs 6857.00 μs PUT CV: 34.48% vs 13.31% GET avg: 3.76 μs vs 4.32 μs GET p99: 11.00 μs vs 11.00 μs GET max: 477.00 μs vs 738.00 μs GET CV: 102.08% vs 51.64% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1119.64 MB vs 512.55 MB Peak VMS: 1980.50 MB vs 1357.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 613.59 MB vs 690.68 MB CPU User Time: 29.692 s vs 29.492 s CPU System Time: 0.848 s vs 2.183 s CPU Utilization: 654.9% vs 485.6% Database Size: 43.67 MB vs 78.87 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.11x vs 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 5. Hot Key Workload (Zipfian Distribution, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2876540.60 ops/sec ITER: 6838394.05 ops/sec (656267 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1806590.08 ops/sec ITER: 1042847.00 ops/sec (656857 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2876540.60 ops/sec Duration: 1.738 seconds Latency (avg): 2551.80 μs Latency (stddev): 1652.30 μs Latency (CV): 64.75% Latency (p50): 2462.00 μs Latency (p95): 3620.00 μs Latency (p99): 3927.00 μs Latency (min): 1049.00 μs Latency (max): 110983.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6838394.05 ops/sec Duration: 0.096 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 735.75 MB Peak VMS: 1430.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 10.478 seconds CPU System Time: 2.050 seconds CPU Utilization: 682.9% Database Size: 10.16 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1806590.08 ops/sec Duration: 2.768 seconds Latency (avg): 4424.59 μs Latency (stddev): 785.64 μs Latency (CV): 17.76% Latency (p50): 4655.00 μs Latency (p95): 5386.00 μs Latency (p99): 5547.00 μs Latency (min): 824.00 μs Latency (max): 6197.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 1042847.00 ops/sec Duration: 0.630 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 287.22 MB Peak VMS: 1293.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 682.05 MB CPU User Time: 9.059 seconds CPU System Time: 0.745 seconds CPU Utilization: 288.2% Database Size: 63.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.59x faster (2876541 vs 1806590 ops/sec) ITER: 6.56x faster (6838394 vs 1042847 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2551.80 μs vs 4424.59 μs PUT p99: 3927.00 μs vs 5547.00 μs PUT max: 110983.00 μs vs 6197.00 μs PUT CV: 64.75% vs 17.76% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 735.75 MB vs 287.22 MB Peak VMS: 1430.62 MB vs 1293.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 682.05 MB CPU User Time: 10.478 s vs 9.059 s CPU System Time: 2.050 s vs 0.745 s CPU Utilization: 682.9% vs 288.2% Database Size: 10.16 MB vs 63.23 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2907122.10 ops/sec GET: 3315676.25 ops/sec ITER: 6859058.59 ops/sec (658792 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1544207.42 ops/sec GET: 1673077.34 ops/sec ITER: 2177015.40 ops/sec (659320 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2907122.10 ops/sec Duration: 1.720 seconds Latency (avg): 2524.22 μs Latency (stddev): 2446.60 μs Latency (CV): 96.93% Latency (p50): 2472.00 μs Latency (p95): 3527.00 μs Latency (p99): 3909.00 μs Latency (min): 1027.00 μs Latency (max): 129924.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 3315676.25 ops/sec Duration: 1.508 seconds Latency (avg): 1.73 μs Latency (stddev): 0.81 μs Latency (CV): 46.82% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 160.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6859058.59 ops/sec Duration: 0.096 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 780.57 MB Peak VMS: 1468.79 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 21.107 seconds CPU System Time: 3.273 seconds CPU Utilization: 671.1% Database Size: 10.20 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1544207.42 ops/sec Duration: 3.238 seconds Latency (avg): 5177.00 μs Latency (stddev): 1352.05 μs Latency (CV): 26.12% Latency (p50): 5225.00 μs Latency (p95): 7238.00 μs Latency (p99): 9277.00 μs Latency (min): 1605.00 μs Latency (max): 13716.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1673077.34 ops/sec Duration: 2.989 seconds Latency (avg): 4.10 μs Latency (stddev): 2.90 μs Latency (CV): 70.65% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 2310.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2177015.40 ops/sec Duration: 0.303 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 296.94 MB Peak VMS: 1292.67 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 682.91 MB CPU User Time: 31.336 seconds CPU System Time: 2.495 seconds CPU Utilization: 489.8% Database Size: 63.00 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Read Amplification: 0.00x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.88x faster (2907122 vs 1544207 ops/sec) GET: 1.98x faster (3315676 vs 1673077 ops/sec) ITER: 3.15x faster (6859059 vs 2177015 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2524.22 μs vs 5177.00 μs PUT p99: 3909.00 μs vs 9277.00 μs PUT max: 129924.00 μs vs 13716.00 μs PUT CV: 96.93% vs 26.12% GET avg: 1.73 μs vs 4.10 μs GET p99: 4.00 μs vs 11.00 μs GET max: 160.00 μs vs 2310.00 μs GET CV: 46.82% vs 70.65% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 780.57 MB vs 296.94 MB Peak VMS: 1468.79 MB vs 1292.67 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 682.91 MB CPU User Time: 21.107 s vs 31.336 s CPU System Time: 3.273 s vs 2.495 s CPU Utilization: 671.1% vs 489.8% Database Size: 10.20 MB vs 63.00 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 6. Delete Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4339648.68 ops/sec ITER: 6022768.47 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4339648.68 ops/sec Duration: 1.152 seconds Latency (avg): 1670.43 μs Latency (stddev): 583.32 μs Latency (CV): 34.92% Latency (p50): 1562.00 μs Latency (p95): 2827.00 μs Latency (p99): 3535.00 μs Latency (min): 502.00 μs Latency (max): 4733.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6022768.47 ops/sec Duration: 0.830 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 970.91 MB Peak VMS: 1686.05 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 605.10 MB CPU User Time: 9.891 seconds CPU System Time: 0.796 seconds CPU Utilization: 539.0% Database Size: 43.77 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4337608.19 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 4337608.19 ops/sec Duration: 1.153 seconds Latency (avg): 1654.86 μs Latency (stddev): 818.95 μs Latency (CV): 49.49% Latency (p50): 1511.00 μs Latency (p95): 2842.00 μs Latency (p99): 4880.00 μs Latency (min): 416.00 μs Latency (max): 11416.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 655.69 MB Peak VMS: 1438.72 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 8.937 seconds CPU System Time: 0.305 seconds CPU Utilization: 447.6% Database Size: 48.08 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2116079.67 ops/sec ITER: 3935749.67 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2116079.67 ops/sec Duration: 2.363 seconds Latency (avg): 3776.72 μs Latency (stddev): 534.25 μs Latency (CV): 14.15% Latency (p50): 3835.00 μs Latency (p95): 4469.00 μs Latency (p99): 5155.00 μs Latency (min): 1069.00 μs Latency (max): 7496.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3935749.67 ops/sec Duration: 1.270 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 238.92 MB Peak VMS: 1293.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 691.34 MB CPU User Time: 9.478 seconds CPU System Time: 0.698 seconds CPU Utilization: 279.8% Database Size: 75.69 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3415685.51 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3415685.51 ops/sec Duration: 1.464 seconds Latency (avg): 2340.33 μs Latency (stddev): 2702.37 μs Latency (CV): 115.47% Latency (p50): 2197.00 μs Latency (p95): 2970.00 μs Latency (p99): 3299.00 μs Latency (min): 526.00 μs Latency (max): 69079.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 182.65 MB Peak VMS: 1294.53 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 156.97 MB CPU User Time: 9.419 seconds CPU System Time: 0.489 seconds CPU Utilization: 329.3% Database Size: 65.35 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 7. Large Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (1M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 412278.82 ops/sec ITER: 1828083.38 ops/sec (1000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 135149.20 ops/sec ITER: 452366.90 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 412278.82 ops/sec Duration: 2.426 seconds Latency (avg): 18959.10 μs Latency (stddev): 4130.92 μs Latency (CV): 21.79% Latency (p50): 18582.00 μs Latency (p95): 24855.00 μs Latency (p99): 36427.00 μs Latency (min): 8806.00 μs Latency (max): 45075.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1828083.38 ops/sec Duration: 0.547 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4498.34 MB Peak VMS: 5271.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4259.79 MB CPU User Time: 12.780 seconds CPU System Time: 8.285 seconds CPU Utilization: 708.6% Database Size: 302.35 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.03x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 135149.20 ops/sec Duration: 7.399 seconds Latency (avg): 59082.43 μs Latency (stddev): 118045.60 μs Latency (CV): 199.80% Latency (p50): 28616.00 μs Latency (p95): 206345.00 μs Latency (p99): 645594.00 μs Latency (min): 14391.00 μs Latency (max): 1027889.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 452366.90 ops/sec Duration: 2.211 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1107.38 MB Peak VMS: 1620.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5058.84 MB CPU User Time: 15.892 seconds CPU System Time: 4.351 seconds CPU Utilization: 210.2% Database Size: 346.19 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.22x Space Amplification: 0.08x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 3.05x faster (412279 vs 135149 ops/sec) ITER: 4.04x faster (1828083 vs 452367 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 18959.10 μs vs 59082.43 μs PUT p99: 36427.00 μs vs 645594.00 μs PUT max: 45075.00 μs vs 1027889.00 μs PUT CV: 21.79% vs 199.80% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 4498.34 MB vs 1107.38 MB Peak VMS: 5271.41 MB vs 1620.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4259.79 MB vs 5058.84 MB CPU User Time: 12.780 s vs 15.892 s CPU System Time: 8.285 s vs 4.351 s CPU Utilization: 708.6% vs 210.2% Database Size: 302.35 MB vs 346.19 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.03x vs 1.22x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 8. Small Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (50M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2954423.93 ops/sec ITER: 4937175.43 ops/sec (50000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1791971.85 ops/sec ITER: 3988145.95 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2954423.93 ops/sec Duration: 16.924 seconds Latency (avg): 2479.66 μs Latency (stddev): 944.59 μs Latency (CV): 38.09% Latency (p50): 2255.00 μs Latency (p95): 4413.00 μs Latency (p99): 5595.00 μs Latency (min): 421.00 μs Latency (max): 20466.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4937175.43 ops/sec Duration: 10.127 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 6901.58 MB Peak VMS: 9588.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4602.68 MB CPU User Time: 154.192 seconds CPU System Time: 5.709 seconds CPU Utilization: 591.0% Database Size: 522.72 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.21x Space Amplification: 0.14x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1791971.85 ops/sec Duration: 27.902 seconds Latency (avg): 4463.84 μs Latency (stddev): 15986.70 μs Latency (CV): 358.14% Latency (p50): 3871.00 μs Latency (p95): 4951.00 μs Latency (p99): 5710.00 μs Latency (min): 757.00 μs Latency (max): 688727.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 3988145.95 ops/sec Duration: 12.537 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 713.36 MB Peak VMS: 1422.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.05 MB Disk Writes: 5772.82 MB CPU User Time: 116.021 seconds CPU System Time: 6.084 seconds CPU Utilization: 301.9% Database Size: 577.30 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.51x Space Amplification: 0.15x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.65x faster (2954424 vs 1791972 ops/sec) ITER: 1.24x faster (4937175 vs 3988146 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2479.66 μs vs 4463.84 μs PUT p99: 5595.00 μs vs 5710.00 μs PUT max: 20466.00 μs vs 688727.00 μs PUT CV: 38.09% vs 358.14% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 6901.58 MB vs 713.36 MB Peak VMS: 9588.25 MB vs 1422.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.05 MB Disk Writes: 4602.68 MB vs 5772.82 MB CPU User Time: 154.192 s vs 116.021 s CPU System Time: 5.709 s vs 6.084 s CPU Utilization: 591.0% vs 301.9% Database Size: 522.72 MB vs 577.30 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.21x vs 1.51x Space Amplification: 0.14x vs 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 9. Batch Size Comparison ### Testing impact of different batch sizes on write performance *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 561717.09 ops/sec ITER: 13176827.76 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 859272.77 ops/sec ITER: 4400794.43 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 561717.09 ops/sec Duration: 17.803 seconds Latency (avg): 13.95 μs Latency (stddev): 96.89 μs Latency (CV): 694.34% Latency (p50): 14.00 μs Latency (p95): 17.00 μs Latency (p99): 21.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 107483.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 13176827.76 ops/sec Duration: 0.759 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 525.04 MB Peak VMS: 1452.59 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1562.92 MB CPU User Time: 25.140 seconds CPU System Time: 124.140 seconds CPU Utilization: 772.2% Database Size: 109.54 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.41x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 859272.77 ops/sec Duration: 11.638 seconds Latency (avg): 9.04 μs Latency (stddev): 61.17 μs Latency (CV): 676.30% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 12.00 μs Latency (p99): 16.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 68437.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4400794.43 ops/sec Duration: 2.272 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 740.63 MB Peak VMS: 1358.15 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1509.91 MB CPU User Time: 102.877 seconds CPU System Time: 6.508 seconds CPU Utilization: 745.3% Database Size: 148.05 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.36x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.53x slower (561717 vs 859273 ops/sec) ITER: 2.99x faster (13176828 vs 4400794 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 13.95 μs vs 9.04 μs PUT p99: 21.00 μs vs 16.00 μs PUT max: 107483.00 μs vs 68437.00 μs PUT CV: 694.34% vs 676.30% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 525.04 MB vs 740.63 MB Peak VMS: 1452.59 MB vs 1358.15 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1562.92 MB vs 1509.91 MB CPU User Time: 25.140 s vs 102.877 s CPU System Time: 124.140 s vs 6.508 s CPU Utilization: 772.2% vs 745.3% Database Size: 109.54 MB vs 148.05 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.41x vs 1.36x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2959922.36 ops/sec ITER: 5760007.00 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1988163.27 ops/sec ITER: 4057527.63 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2959922.36 ops/sec Duration: 3.378 seconds Latency (avg): 25.40 μs Latency (stddev): 102.43 μs Latency (CV): 403.24% Latency (p50): 24.00 μs Latency (p95): 36.00 μs Latency (p99): 45.00 μs Latency (min): 6.00 μs Latency (max): 32774.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5760007.00 ops/sec Duration: 1.736 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1496.65 MB Peak VMS: 2769.58 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1335.05 MB CPU User Time: 22.828 seconds CPU System Time: 10.086 seconds CPU Utilization: 634.0% Database Size: 107.29 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.21x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1988163.27 ops/sec Duration: 5.030 seconds Latency (avg): 40.17 μs Latency (stddev): 348.96 μs Latency (CV): 868.67% Latency (p50): 36.00 μs Latency (p95): 52.00 μs Latency (p99): 66.00 μs Latency (min): 10.00 μs Latency (max): 57904.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4057527.63 ops/sec Duration: 2.465 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1103.97 MB Peak VMS: 1621.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1485.45 MB CPU User Time: 42.073 seconds CPU System Time: 9.941 seconds CPU Utilization: 684.5% Database Size: 134.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.12x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.49x faster (2959922 vs 1988163 ops/sec) ITER: 1.42x faster (5760007 vs 4057528 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 25.40 μs vs 40.17 μs PUT p99: 45.00 μs vs 66.00 μs PUT max: 32774.00 μs vs 57904.00 μs PUT CV: 403.24% vs 868.67% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1496.65 MB vs 1103.97 MB Peak VMS: 2769.58 MB vs 1621.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1335.05 MB vs 1485.45 MB CPU User Time: 22.828 s vs 42.073 s CPU System Time: 10.086 s vs 9.941 s CPU Utilization: 634.0% vs 684.5% Database Size: 107.29 MB vs 134.97 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.21x vs 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4472786.00 ops/sec ITER: 5198188.74 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2584079.49 ops/sec ITER: 3874983.73 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4472786.00 ops/sec Duration: 2.236 seconds Latency (avg): 169.09 μs Latency (stddev): 61.12 μs Latency (CV): 36.15% Latency (p50): 158.00 μs Latency (p95): 286.00 μs Latency (p99): 355.00 μs Latency (min): 53.00 μs Latency (max): 3776.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5198188.74 ops/sec Duration: 1.924 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2037.48 MB Peak VMS: 3021.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1244.95 MB CPU User Time: 20.055 seconds CPU System Time: 2.130 seconds CPU Utilization: 532.4% Database Size: 103.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.13x Space Amplification: 0.09x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2584079.49 ops/sec Duration: 3.870 seconds Latency (avg): 309.29 μs Latency (stddev): 322.64 μs Latency (CV): 104.32% Latency (p50): 298.00 μs Latency (p95): 402.00 μs Latency (p99): 478.00 μs Latency (min): 65.00 μs Latency (max): 30119.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 3874983.73 ops/sec Duration: 2.581 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1252.25 MB Peak VMS: 1933.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1458.24 MB CPU User Time: 25.127 seconds CPU System Time: 3.351 seconds CPU Utilization: 440.1% Database Size: 189.86 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.17x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.73x faster (4472786 vs 2584079 ops/sec) ITER: 1.34x faster (5198189 vs 3874984 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 169.09 μs vs 309.29 μs PUT p99: 355.00 μs vs 478.00 μs PUT max: 3776.00 μs vs 30119.00 μs PUT CV: 36.15% vs 104.32% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2037.48 MB vs 1252.25 MB Peak VMS: 3021.44 MB vs 1933.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1244.95 MB vs 1458.24 MB CPU User Time: 20.055 s vs 25.127 s CPU System Time: 2.130 s vs 3.351 s CPU Utilization: 532.4% vs 440.1% Database Size: 103.04 MB vs 189.86 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.13x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.09x vs 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3815634.64 ops/sec ITER: 5079362.50 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2043464.07 ops/sec ITER: 4136559.41 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3815634.64 ops/sec Duration: 2.621 seconds Latency (avg): 1856.64 μs Latency (stddev): 709.03 μs Latency (CV): 38.19% Latency (p50): 1745.00 μs Latency (p95): 3269.00 μs Latency (p99): 4324.00 μs Latency (min): 468.00 μs Latency (max): 5840.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5079362.50 ops/sec Duration: 1.969 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2031.99 MB Peak VMS: 3082.94 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1236.38 MB CPU User Time: 23.179 seconds CPU System Time: 1.617 seconds CPU Utilization: 540.2% Database Size: 89.69 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2043464.07 ops/sec Duration: 4.894 seconds Latency (avg): 3912.81 μs Latency (stddev): 782.50 μs Latency (CV): 20.00% Latency (p50): 3874.00 μs Latency (p95): 4913.00 μs Latency (p99): 6919.00 μs Latency (min): 742.00 μs Latency (max): 14333.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4136559.41 ops/sec Duration: 2.417 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 556.20 MB Peak VMS: 1358.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1458.77 MB CPU User Time: 20.621 seconds CPU System Time: 1.431 seconds CPU Utilization: 301.2% Database Size: 153.21 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.87x faster (3815635 vs 2043464 ops/sec) ITER: 1.23x faster (5079362 vs 4136559 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 1856.64 μs vs 3912.81 μs PUT p99: 4324.00 μs vs 6919.00 μs PUT max: 5840.00 μs vs 14333.00 μs PUT CV: 38.19% vs 20.00% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2031.99 MB vs 556.20 MB Peak VMS: 3082.94 MB vs 1358.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1236.38 MB vs 1458.77 MB CPU User Time: 23.179 s vs 20.621 s CPU System Time: 1.617 s vs 1.431 s CPU Utilization: 540.2% vs 301.2% Database Size: 89.69 MB vs 153.21 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.12x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2415531.87 ops/sec ITER: 8711879.00 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1347086.37 ops/sec ITER: 4209197.10 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2415531.87 ops/sec Duration: 4.140 seconds Latency (avg): 30966.10 μs Latency (stddev): 7227.47 μs Latency (CV): 23.34% Latency (p50): 32019.00 μs Latency (p95): 41081.00 μs Latency (p99): 44591.00 μs Latency (min): 8151.00 μs Latency (max): 46690.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8711879.00 ops/sec Duration: 1.148 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2042.78 MB Peak VMS: 2966.96 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1219.19 MB CPU User Time: 35.580 seconds CPU System Time: 1.545 seconds CPU Utilization: 702.1% Database Size: 77.73 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1347086.37 ops/sec Duration: 7.423 seconds Latency (avg): 59178.07 μs Latency (stddev): 6750.05 μs Latency (CV): 11.41% Latency (p50): 59442.00 μs Latency (p95): 67880.00 μs Latency (p99): 83954.00 μs Latency (min): 17560.00 μs Latency (max): 85249.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4209197.10 ops/sec Duration: 2.376 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 666.79 MB Peak VMS: 1486.01 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1457.16 MB CPU User Time: 18.649 seconds CPU System Time: 1.248 seconds CPU Utilization: 202.8% Database Size: 123.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.79x faster (2415532 vs 1347086 ops/sec) ITER: 2.07x faster (8711879 vs 4209197 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 30966.10 μs vs 59178.07 μs PUT p99: 44591.00 μs vs 83954.00 μs PUT max: 46690.00 μs vs 85249.00 μs PUT CV: 23.34% vs 11.41% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2042.78 MB vs 666.79 MB Peak VMS: 2966.96 MB vs 1486.01 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1219.19 MB vs 1457.16 MB CPU User Time: 35.580 s vs 18.649 s CPU System Time: 1.545 s vs 1.248 s CPU Utilization: 702.1% vs 202.8% Database Size: 77.73 MB vs 123.06 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.10x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 10. Batch Size Impact on Deletes ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 581746.22 ops/sec ITER: 11918155.64 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 581746.22 ops/sec Duration: 8.595 seconds Latency (avg): 13.47 μs Latency (stddev): 6.73 μs Latency (CV): 49.97% Latency (p50): 13.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 20.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 4047.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 11918155.64 ops/sec Duration: 0.420 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 464.73 MB Peak VMS: 1200.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 751.75 MB CPU User Time: 11.239 seconds CPU System Time: 60.432 seconds CPU Utilization: 763.5% Database Size: 55.19 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.36x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 603440.80 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 603440.80 ops/sec Duration: 8.286 seconds Latency (avg): 13.12 μs Latency (stddev): 8.45 μs Latency (CV): 64.43% Latency (p50): 13.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 19.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 4785.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 653.74 MB Peak VMS: 1438.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 185.97 MB CPU User Time: 10.758 seconds CPU System Time: 56.510 seconds CPU Utilization: 710.4% Database Size: 56.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.34x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 911115.08 ops/sec ITER: 4184825.32 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 911115.08 ops/sec Duration: 5.488 seconds Latency (avg): 8.53 μs Latency (stddev): 3.31 μs Latency (CV): 38.81% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 11.00 μs Latency (p99): 15.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1806.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4184825.32 ops/sec Duration: 1.195 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 232.27 MB Peak VMS: 1293.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 716.86 MB CPU User Time: 47.291 seconds CPU System Time: 2.603 seconds CPU Utilization: 707.7% Database Size: 71.73 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 971628.83 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 971628.83 ops/sec Duration: 5.146 seconds Latency (avg): 8.11 μs Latency (stddev): 2.84 μs Latency (CV): 35.02% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 14.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1652.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 191.73 MB Peak VMS: 1294.17 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 181.06 MB CPU User Time: 43.691 seconds CPU System Time: 1.772 seconds CPU Utilization: 721.9% Database Size: 68.84 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.33x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=100 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4209005.76 ops/sec ITER: 6386976.70 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4209005.76 ops/sec Duration: 1.188 seconds Latency (avg): 175.88 μs Latency (stddev): 66.65 μs Latency (CV): 37.89% Latency (p50): 164.00 μs Latency (p95): 286.00 μs Latency (p99): 351.00 μs Latency (min): 60.00 μs Latency (max): 3269.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6386976.70 ops/sec Duration: 0.783 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 971.60 MB Peak VMS: 1708.96 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 620.15 MB CPU User Time: 9.884 seconds CPU System Time: 1.299 seconds CPU Utilization: 566.4% Database Size: 51.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 5720928.53 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 5720928.53 ops/sec Duration: 0.874 seconds Latency (avg): 129.82 μs Latency (stddev): 45.40 μs Latency (CV): 34.97% Latency (p50): 119.00 μs Latency (p95): 213.00 μs Latency (p99): 296.00 μs Latency (min): 39.00 μs Latency (max): 821.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 654.52 MB Peak VMS: 1438.76 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 105.67 MB CPU User Time: 6.891 seconds CPU System Time: 0.503 seconds CPU Utilization: 426.6% Database Size: 52.77 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2680296.87 ops/sec ITER: 4070984.95 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2680296.87 ops/sec Duration: 1.865 seconds Latency (avg): 298.12 μs Latency (stddev): 260.64 μs Latency (CV): 87.43% Latency (p50): 289.00 μs Latency (p95): 380.00 μs Latency (p99): 448.00 μs Latency (min): 67.00 μs Latency (max): 15965.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4070984.95 ops/sec Duration: 1.228 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 210.41 MB Peak VMS: 1357.91 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.20 MB CPU User Time: 10.937 seconds CPU System Time: 1.708 seconds CPU Utilization: 407.5% Database Size: 85.72 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2714666.31 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2714666.31 ops/sec Duration: 1.842 seconds Latency (avg): 294.40 μs Latency (stddev): 74.31 μs Latency (CV): 25.24% Latency (p50): 289.00 μs Latency (p95): 404.00 μs Latency (p99): 471.00 μs Latency (min): 52.00 μs Latency (max): 2869.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 166.99 MB Peak VMS: 1294.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 171.62 MB CPU User Time: 11.972 seconds CPU System Time: 1.590 seconds CPU Utilization: 384.3% Database Size: 90.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.31x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4115670.08 ops/sec ITER: 6138856.01 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4115670.08 ops/sec Duration: 1.215 seconds Latency (avg): 1743.29 μs Latency (stddev): 855.56 μs Latency (CV): 49.08% Latency (p50): 1643.00 μs Latency (p95): 2838.00 μs Latency (p99): 3763.00 μs Latency (min): 480.00 μs Latency (max): 31712.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6138856.01 ops/sec Duration: 0.814 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 971.29 MB Peak VMS: 1698.54 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 607.85 MB CPU User Time: 10.351 seconds CPU System Time: 0.762 seconds CPU Utilization: 547.5% Database Size: 43.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 5498233.42 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 5498233.42 ops/sec Duration: 0.909 seconds Latency (avg): 1307.29 μs Latency (stddev): 410.45 μs Latency (CV): 31.40% Latency (p50): 1227.00 μs Latency (p95): 2055.00 μs Latency (p99): 2727.00 μs Latency (min): 400.00 μs Latency (max): 5570.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 654.89 MB Peak VMS: 1438.19 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 7.188 seconds CPU System Time: 0.314 seconds CPU Utilization: 409.2% Database Size: 47.67 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2051980.78 ops/sec ITER: 3940927.08 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2051980.78 ops/sec Duration: 2.437 seconds Latency (avg): 3895.10 μs Latency (stddev): 556.22 μs Latency (CV): 14.28% Latency (p50): 3926.00 μs Latency (p95): 4763.00 μs Latency (p99): 5258.00 μs Latency (min): 1033.00 μs Latency (max): 5890.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3940927.08 ops/sec Duration: 1.269 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 219.94 MB Peak VMS: 1293.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.29 MB CPU User Time: 9.415 seconds CPU System Time: 0.836 seconds CPU Utilization: 276.2% Database Size: 82.91 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3111912.46 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3111912.46 ops/sec Duration: 1.607 seconds Latency (avg): 2568.31 μs Latency (stddev): 615.19 μs Latency (CV): 23.95% Latency (p50): 2559.00 μs Latency (p95): 3544.00 μs Latency (p99): 4137.00 μs Latency (min): 687.00 μs Latency (max): 6997.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 149.98 MB Peak VMS: 1294.94 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.23 MB CPU User Time: 10.130 seconds CPU System Time: 0.479 seconds CPU Utilization: 336.7% Database Size: 65.89 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 11. Seek Performance (Block Index Effectiveness) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4177367.69 ops/sec ITER: 6180546.11 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4177367.69 ops/sec Duration: 1.197 seconds Latency (avg): 1639.04 μs Latency (stddev): 583.61 μs Latency (CV): 35.61% Latency (p50): 1538.00 μs Latency (p95): 2773.00 μs Latency (p99): 3661.00 μs Latency (min): 488.00 μs Latency (max): 5390.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6180546.11 ops/sec Duration: 0.809 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 973.47 MB Peak VMS: 1679.13 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.92 MB CPU User Time: 9.713 seconds CPU System Time: 0.723 seconds CPU Utilization: 520.1% Database Size: 44.09 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1268576.72 ops/sec ITER: 14927823.97 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1268576.72 ops/sec Duration: 3.941 seconds Latency (avg): 5.96 μs Latency (stddev): 7.03 μs Latency (CV): 117.90% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 1118.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 14927823.97 ops/sec Duration: 0.335 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 942.86 MB Peak VMS: 1567.02 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 30.598 seconds CPU System Time: 0.600 seconds CPU Utilization: 674.1% Database Size: 44.09 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2090985.47 ops/sec ITER: 4125528.27 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2090985.47 ops/sec Duration: 2.391 seconds Latency (avg): 3823.15 μs Latency (stddev): 594.93 μs Latency (CV): 15.56% Latency (p50): 3859.00 μs Latency (p95): 4796.00 μs Latency (p99): 5244.00 μs Latency (min): 1250.00 μs Latency (max): 7112.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4125528.27 ops/sec Duration: 1.212 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 252.30 MB Peak VMS: 1293.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 691.97 MB CPU User Time: 9.447 seconds CPU System Time: 0.712 seconds CPU Utilization: 281.8% Database Size: 73.99 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 859969.75 ops/sec ITER: 5024095.56 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 859969.75 ops/sec Duration: 5.814 seconds Latency (avg): 8.71 μs Latency (stddev): 3.89 μs Latency (CV): 44.70% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 14.00 μs Latency (p99): 18.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 2237.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5024095.56 ops/sec Duration: 0.995 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 232.99 MB Peak VMS: 1302.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 41.021 seconds CPU System Time: 4.125 seconds CPU Utilization: 629.2% Database Size: 52.80 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 9283172.02 ops/sec ITER: 19030871.88 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 9283172.02 ops/sec Duration: 0.539 seconds Latency (avg): 778.31 μs Latency (stddev): 379.66 μs Latency (CV): 48.78% Latency (p50): 711.00 μs Latency (p95): 1226.00 μs Latency (p99): 1378.00 μs Latency (min): 448.00 μs Latency (max): 22661.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 19030871.88 ops/sec Duration: 0.263 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 991.18 MB Peak VMS: 1715.13 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 606.71 MB CPU User Time: 4.000 seconds CPU System Time: 0.837 seconds CPU Utilization: 603.1% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 5442585.62 ops/sec ITER: 16871543.44 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 5442585.62 ops/sec Duration: 0.919 seconds Latency (avg): 1.10 μs Latency (stddev): 2.94 μs Latency (CV): 266.86% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 2.00 μs Latency (p99): 2.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 1417.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 16871543.44 ops/sec Duration: 0.296 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 938.21 MB Peak VMS: 1438.47 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 6.208 seconds CPU System Time: 0.381 seconds CPU Utilization: 442.1% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2572261.25 ops/sec ITER: 5568226.36 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2572261.25 ops/sec Duration: 1.944 seconds Latency (avg): 3108.22 μs Latency (stddev): 469.41 μs Latency (CV): 15.10% Latency (p50): 3033.00 μs Latency (p95): 3877.00 μs Latency (p99): 4289.00 μs Latency (min): 663.00 μs Latency (max): 7815.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5568226.36 ops/sec Duration: 0.898 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 197.80 MB Peak VMS: 1293.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 741.48 MB CPU User Time: 7.218 seconds CPU System Time: 0.805 seconds CPU Utilization: 281.8% Database Size: 118.39 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.21x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1981699.40 ops/sec ITER: 5322636.96 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1981699.40 ops/sec Duration: 2.523 seconds Latency (avg): 3.19 μs Latency (stddev): 2.60 μs Latency (CV): 81.63% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 6.00 μs Latency (p99): 8.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 3040.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5322636.96 ops/sec Duration: 0.939 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 180.60 MB Peak VMS: 1357.14 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 87.18 MB CPU User Time: 19.522 seconds CPU System Time: 0.386 seconds CPU Utilization: 526.5% Database Size: 87.29 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2889548.73 ops/sec ITER: 5998994.72 ops/sec (656422 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2889548.73 ops/sec Duration: 1.730 seconds Latency (avg): 2643.27 μs Latency (stddev): 1348.02 μs Latency (CV): 51.00% Latency (p50): 2612.00 μs Latency (p95): 3572.00 μs Latency (p99): 3972.00 μs Latency (min): 1074.00 μs Latency (max): 88965.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5998994.72 ops/sec Duration: 0.109 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 747.62 MB Peak VMS: 1430.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 11.236 seconds CPU System Time: 1.794 seconds CPU Utilization: 708.1% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3343269.53 ops/sec ITER: 17437626.18 ops/sec (656422 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 3343269.53 ops/sec Duration: 1.496 seconds Latency (avg): 1.31 μs Latency (stddev): 2.68 μs Latency (CV): 204.75% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 2.00 μs Latency (p99): 3.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 3998.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 17437626.18 ops/sec Duration: 0.038 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 202.32 MB Peak VMS: 919.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 8.688 seconds CPU System Time: 2.564 seconds CPU Utilization: 607.0% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1627317.59 ops/sec ITER: 1984801.68 ops/sec (656624 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1627317.59 ops/sec Duration: 3.073 seconds Latency (avg): 4854.66 μs Latency (stddev): 1603.29 μs Latency (CV): 33.03% Latency (p50): 5040.00 μs Latency (p95): 6405.00 μs Latency (p99): 8677.00 μs Latency (min): 1193.00 μs Latency (max): 74001.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1984801.68 ops/sec Duration: 0.331 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 185.97 MB Peak VMS: 1293.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 678.59 MB CPU User Time: 9.370 seconds CPU System Time: 0.911 seconds CPU Utilization: 302.0% Database Size: 61.60 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 629859.21 ops/sec ITER: 2160871.43 ops/sec (656624 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 629859.21 ops/sec Duration: 7.938 seconds Latency (avg): 11.72 μs Latency (stddev): 6.19 μs Latency (CV): 52.84% Latency (p50): 12.00 μs Latency (p95): 21.00 μs Latency (p99): 28.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 995.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2160871.43 ops/sec Duration: 0.304 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 216.91 MB Peak VMS: 1295.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 53.478 seconds CPU System Time: 7.179 seconds CPU Utilization: 701.6% Database Size: 37.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv ### 12. Range Query Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 5645794.17 ops/sec ITER: 7474176.72 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 5645794.17 ops/sec Duration: 0.177 seconds Latency (avg): 1328.57 μs Latency (stddev): 374.29 μs Latency (CV): 28.17% Latency (p50): 1342.00 μs Latency (p95): 1933.00 μs Latency (p99): 2259.00 μs Latency (min): 524.00 μs Latency (max): 3296.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7474176.72 ops/sec Duration: 0.134 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 301.38 MB Peak VMS: 1080.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 120.12 MB CPU User Time: 1.447 seconds CPU System Time: 0.169 seconds CPU Utilization: 519.6% Database Size: 9.16 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 700014.91 ops/sec ITER: 16850619.26 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 700014.91 ops/sec Duration: 1.429 seconds Latency (avg): 10.88 μs Latency (stddev): 9.90 μs Latency (CV): 91.03% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 29.00 μs Latency (p99): 39.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 4047.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 16850619.26 ops/sec Duration: 0.059 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 267.28 MB Peak VMS: 920.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 10.758 seconds CPU System Time: 0.404 seconds CPU Utilization: 716.0% Database Size: 9.16 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2138575.41 ops/sec ITER: 4512879.76 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2138575.41 ops/sec Duration: 0.468 seconds Latency (avg): 3728.58 μs Latency (stddev): 579.26 μs Latency (CV): 15.54% Latency (p50): 3767.00 μs Latency (p95): 4447.00 μs Latency (p99): 4582.00 μs Latency (min): 1289.00 μs Latency (max): 7315.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4512879.76 ops/sec Duration: 0.222 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 99.96 MB Peak VMS: 1285.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 126.79 MB CPU User Time: 1.349 seconds CPU System Time: 0.157 seconds CPU Utilization: 217.8% Database Size: 18.96 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 327372.43 ops/sec ITER: 4592211.61 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 327372.43 ops/sec Duration: 3.055 seconds Latency (avg): 23.68 μs Latency (stddev): 7.56 μs Latency (CV): 31.92% Latency (p50): 22.00 μs Latency (p95): 33.00 μs Latency (p99): 50.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 4039.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 4592211.61 ops/sec Duration: 0.218 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 178.04 MB Peak VMS: 1294.10 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 23.678 seconds CPU System Time: 0.366 seconds CPU Utilization: 717.1% Database Size: 14.09 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (500K ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 6004851.92 ops/sec ITER: 8291461.45 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 6004851.92 ops/sec Duration: 0.083 seconds Latency (avg): 1139.77 μs Latency (stddev): 282.97 μs Latency (CV): 24.83% Latency (p50): 1085.00 μs Latency (p95): 1616.00 μs Latency (p99): 1816.00 μs Latency (min): 456.00 μs Latency (max): 4462.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8291461.45 ops/sec Duration: 0.060 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 193.25 MB Peak VMS: 918.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 0.503 seconds CPU System Time: 0.126 seconds CPU Utilization: 437.5% Database Size: 4.55 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 124003.35 ops/sec ITER: 18758206.72 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 124003.35 ops/sec Duration: 4.032 seconds Latency (avg): 62.65 μs Latency (stddev): 12.11 μs Latency (CV): 19.33% Latency (p50): 61.00 μs Latency (p95): 77.00 μs Latency (p99): 113.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1830.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 18758206.72 ops/sec Duration: 0.027 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 178.68 MB Peak VMS: 919.63 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 30.714 seconds CPU System Time: 0.867 seconds CPU Utilization: 771.1% Database Size: 4.55 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2273357.61 ops/sec ITER: 6588396.52 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2273357.61 ops/sec Duration: 0.220 seconds Latency (avg): 3477.61 μs Latency (stddev): 465.49 μs Latency (CV): 13.39% Latency (p50): 3497.00 μs Latency (p95): 4132.00 μs Latency (p99): 4653.00 μs Latency (min): 1150.00 μs Latency (max): 4709.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6588396.52 ops/sec Duration: 0.076 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 89.00 MB Peak VMS: 1301.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 61.77 MB CPU User Time: 0.628 seconds CPU System Time: 0.081 seconds CPU Utilization: 239.7% Database Size: 56.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 46547.73 ops/sec ITER: 7042451.90 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 46547.73 ops/sec Duration: 10.742 seconds Latency (avg): 167.30 μs Latency (stddev): 38.51 μs Latency (CV): 23.02% Latency (p50): 153.00 μs Latency (p95): 201.00 μs Latency (p99): 384.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 959.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 7042451.90 ops/sec Duration: 0.071 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 75.10 MB Peak VMS: 1232.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 83.699 seconds CPU System Time: 0.084 seconds CPU Utilization: 772.3% Database Size: 7.50 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 11115557.33 ops/sec ITER: 19732817.65 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 11115557.33 ops/sec Duration: 0.090 seconds Latency (avg): 640.06 μs Latency (stddev): 158.72 μs Latency (CV): 24.80% Latency (p50): 582.00 μs Latency (p95): 979.00 μs Latency (p99): 1264.00 μs Latency (min): 463.00 μs Latency (max): 1507.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 19732817.65 ops/sec Duration: 0.051 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 301.50 MB Peak VMS: 1080.97 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 118.87 MB CPU User Time: 0.633 seconds CPU System Time: 0.124 seconds CPU Utilization: 537.5% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.07x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 859593.93 ops/sec ITER: 17568208.57 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 859593.93 ops/sec Duration: 1.163 seconds Latency (avg): 8.43 μs Latency (stddev): 7.59 μs Latency (CV): 89.96% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 29.00 μs Latency (p99): 32.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 432.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 17568208.57 ops/sec Duration: 0.057 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 260.39 MB Peak VMS: 920.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 8.531 seconds CPU System Time: 0.156 seconds CPU Utilization: 681.0% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2683259.95 ops/sec ITER: 5946469.88 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2683259.95 ops/sec Duration: 0.373 seconds Latency (avg): 2972.47 μs Latency (stddev): 398.04 μs Latency (CV): 13.39% Latency (p50): 2950.00 μs Latency (p95): 3436.00 μs Latency (p99): 3787.00 μs Latency (min): 1124.00 μs Latency (max): 5864.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5946469.88 ops/sec Duration: 0.168 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 90.81 MB Peak VMS: 1284.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 133.66 MB CPU User Time: 1.146 seconds CPU System Time: 0.156 seconds CPU Utilization: 239.6% Database Size: 24.69 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.21x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 388123.72 ops/sec ITER: 5106313.45 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 388123.72 ops/sec Duration: 2.576 seconds Latency (avg): 20.25 μs Latency (stddev): 4.68 μs Latency (CV): 23.13% Latency (p50): 20.00 μs Latency (p95): 26.00 μs Latency (p99): 42.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 599.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 5106313.45 ops/sec Duration: 0.196 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 143.16 MB Peak VMS: 1294.17 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 20.529 seconds CPU System Time: 0.099 seconds CPU Utilization: 723.5% Database Size: 21.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------* RUNNER Complete Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260223_022800.csv *------------------------------------------*