*------------------------------------------* RUNNER: TidesDB vs RocksDB Comparison Date: Sun Feb 22 09:56:04 PM EST 2026 Sync Mode: DISABLED (maximum performance) TidesDB B+tree: DISABLED (block-based klog) Parameters: Default Batch Size: 1000 Default Threads: 8 Environment: Hostname: agpmastersystem Kernel: 6.2.0-39-generic Filesystem: unknown CPU: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-11700K @ 3.60GHz CPU Cores: 16 Memory: 46Gi Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* ### 1. Sequential Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 11455226.10 ops/sec ITER: 21113794.91 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1956185.36 ops/sec ITER: 5064411.72 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 11455226.10 ops/sec Duration: 0.873 seconds Latency (avg): 608.79 μs Latency (stddev): 139.32 μs Latency (CV): 22.88% Latency (p50): 561.00 μs Latency (p95): 948.00 μs Latency (p99): 1042.00 μs Latency (min): 395.00 μs Latency (max): 1623.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 21113794.91 ops/sec Duration: 0.474 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2034.09 MB Peak VMS: 2727.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1194.67 MB CPU User Time: 6.139 seconds CPU System Time: 1.313 seconds CPU Utilization: 553.0% Database Size: 110.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1956185.36 ops/sec Duration: 5.112 seconds Latency (avg): 4088.40 μs Latency (stddev): 28016.74 μs Latency (CV): 685.27% Latency (p50): 2686.00 μs Latency (p95): 3153.00 μs Latency (p99): 4752.00 μs Latency (min): 1382.00 μs Latency (max): 836167.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 5064411.72 ops/sec Duration: 1.975 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 477.27 MB Peak VMS: 1293.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1602.04 MB CPU User Time: 15.273 seconds CPU System Time: 1.089 seconds CPU Utilization: 230.9% Database Size: 197.76 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.45x Space Amplification: 0.18x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 5.86x faster (11455226 vs 1956185 ops/sec) ITER: 4.17x faster (21113795 vs 5064412 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 608.79 μs vs 4088.40 μs PUT p99: 1042.00 μs vs 4752.00 μs PUT max: 1623.00 μs vs 836167.00 μs PUT CV: 22.88% vs 685.27% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2034.09 MB vs 477.27 MB Peak VMS: 2727.50 MB vs 1293.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1194.67 MB vs 1602.04 MB CPU User Time: 6.139 s vs 15.273 s CPU System Time: 1.313 s vs 1.089 s CPU Utilization: 553.0% vs 230.9% Database Size: 110.65 MB vs 197.76 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.08x vs 1.45x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 2. Random Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3838756.86 ops/sec ITER: 5846271.13 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2040983.35 ops/sec ITER: 4316570.36 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3838756.86 ops/sec Duration: 2.605 seconds Latency (avg): 1915.37 μs Latency (stddev): 634.96 μs Latency (CV): 33.15% Latency (p50): 1878.00 μs Latency (p95): 3229.00 μs Latency (p99): 3644.00 μs Latency (min): 487.00 μs Latency (max): 7282.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5846271.13 ops/sec Duration: 1.710 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2042.75 MB Peak VMS: 2981.07 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1213.80 MB CPU User Time: 22.322 seconds CPU System Time: 1.559 seconds CPU Utilization: 553.3% Database Size: 88.94 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2040983.35 ops/sec Duration: 4.900 seconds Latency (avg): 3917.93 μs Latency (stddev): 9026.96 μs Latency (CV): 230.40% Latency (p50): 3571.00 μs Latency (p95): 4207.00 μs Latency (p99): 5238.00 μs Latency (min): 1754.00 μs Latency (max): 265856.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4316570.36 ops/sec Duration: 2.317 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 879.55 MB Peak VMS: 1549.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1469.12 MB CPU User Time: 18.601 seconds CPU System Time: 1.324 seconds CPU Utilization: 276.0% Database Size: 109.10 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.10x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.88x faster (3838757 vs 2040983 ops/sec) ITER: 1.35x faster (5846271 vs 4316570 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 1915.37 μs vs 3917.93 μs PUT p99: 3644.00 μs vs 5238.00 μs PUT max: 7282.00 μs vs 265856.00 μs PUT CV: 33.15% vs 230.40% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2042.75 MB vs 879.55 MB Peak VMS: 2981.07 MB vs 1549.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1213.80 MB vs 1469.12 MB CPU User Time: 22.322 s vs 18.601 s CPU System Time: 1.559 s vs 1.324 s CPU Utilization: 553.3% vs 276.0% Database Size: 88.94 MB vs 109.10 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.10x vs 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 3. Random Read Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (10M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3969608.68 ops/sec ITER: 5445943.83 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3969608.68 ops/sec Duration: 2.519 seconds Latency (avg): 1800.25 μs Latency (stddev): 626.47 μs Latency (CV): 34.80% Latency (p50): 1742.00 μs Latency (p95): 2908.00 μs Latency (p99): 3809.00 μs Latency (min): 472.00 μs Latency (max): 5686.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5445943.83 ops/sec Duration: 1.836 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2031.94 MB Peak VMS: 3080.12 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1236.45 MB CPU User Time: 22.535 seconds CPU System Time: 1.392 seconds CPU Utilization: 549.2% Database Size: 89.49 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 3509009.56 ops/sec ITER: 19803980.20 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 3509009.56 ops/sec Duration: 2.850 seconds Latency (avg): 1.97 μs Latency (stddev): 3.35 μs Latency (CV): 170.59% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 921.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 19803980.20 ops/sec Duration: 0.505 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1783.82 MB Peak VMS: 2402.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 21.211 seconds CPU System Time: 0.627 seconds CPU Utilization: 549.4% Database Size: 89.49 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1956710.90 ops/sec ITER: 4615618.24 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1956710.90 ops/sec Duration: 5.111 seconds Latency (avg): 4086.80 μs Latency (stddev): 14749.34 μs Latency (CV): 360.90% Latency (p50): 3660.00 μs Latency (p95): 4203.00 μs Latency (p99): 5123.00 μs Latency (min): 2093.00 μs Latency (max): 517725.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4615618.24 ops/sec Duration: 2.167 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 296.12 MB Peak VMS: 1358.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1452.23 MB CPU User Time: 18.996 seconds CPU System Time: 1.365 seconds CPU Utilization: 279.8% Database Size: 143.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.31x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 1346181.65 ops/sec ITER: 6395943.44 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 1346181.65 ops/sec Duration: 7.428 seconds Latency (avg): 4.27 μs Latency (stddev): 2.68 μs Latency (CV): 62.70% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 2392.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6395943.44 ops/sec Duration: 1.563 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 367.64 MB Peak VMS: 1503.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 85.93 MB CPU User Time: 47.814 seconds CPU System Time: 3.869 seconds CPU Utilization: 534.3% Database Size: 86.11 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 4. Mixed Workload (50/50 Read/Write, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3647579.61 ops/sec GET: 1193609.99 ops/sec ITER: 6892701.32 ops/sec (5000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2142307.49 ops/sec GET: 1554149.84 ops/sec ITER: 4434334.16 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3647579.61 ops/sec Duration: 1.371 seconds Latency (avg): 1865.27 μs Latency (stddev): 562.66 μs Latency (CV): 30.17% Latency (p50): 1816.00 μs Latency (p95): 3020.00 μs Latency (p99): 3388.00 μs Latency (min): 595.00 μs Latency (max): 4254.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1193609.99 ops/sec Duration: 4.189 seconds Latency (avg): 5.25 μs Latency (stddev): 49.10 μs Latency (CV): 935.05% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 42976.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6892701.32 ops/sec Duration: 0.725 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1468.98 MB Peak VMS: 2309.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 601.68 MB CPU User Time: 33.184 seconds CPU System Time: 5.388 seconds CPU Utilization: 582.6% Database Size: 44.00 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2142307.49 ops/sec Duration: 2.334 seconds Latency (avg): 3730.49 μs Latency (stddev): 570.96 μs Latency (CV): 15.31% Latency (p50): 3749.00 μs Latency (p95): 4802.00 μs Latency (p99): 5214.00 μs Latency (min): 757.00 μs Latency (max): 6473.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1554149.84 ops/sec Duration: 3.217 seconds Latency (avg): 4.24 μs Latency (stddev): 2.37 μs Latency (CV): 55.84% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 291.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4434334.16 ops/sec Duration: 1.128 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 588.22 MB Peak VMS: 1356.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.67 MB CPU User Time: 30.212 seconds CPU System Time: 2.023 seconds CPU Utilization: 460.1% Database Size: 77.60 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.70x faster (3647580 vs 2142307 ops/sec) GET: 1.30x slower (1193610 vs 1554150 ops/sec) ITER: 1.55x faster (6892701 vs 4434334 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 1865.27 μs vs 3730.49 μs PUT p99: 3388.00 μs vs 5214.00 μs PUT max: 4254.00 μs vs 6473.00 μs PUT CV: 30.17% vs 15.31% GET avg: 5.25 μs vs 4.24 μs GET p99: 11.00 μs vs 12.00 μs GET max: 42976.00 μs vs 291.00 μs GET CV: 935.05% vs 55.84% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1468.98 MB vs 588.22 MB Peak VMS: 2309.73 MB vs 1356.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 601.68 MB vs 690.67 MB CPU User Time: 33.184 s vs 30.212 s CPU System Time: 5.388 s vs 2.023 s CPU Utilization: 582.6% vs 460.1% Database Size: 44.00 MB vs 77.60 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.09x vs 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 5. Hot Key Workload (Zipfian Distribution, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2953018.07 ops/sec ITER: 6749621.21 ops/sec (659303 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1798851.04 ops/sec ITER: 1049533.81 ops/sec (659738 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2953018.07 ops/sec Duration: 1.693 seconds Latency (avg): 2520.13 μs Latency (stddev): 2188.34 μs Latency (CV): 86.83% Latency (p50): 2453.00 μs Latency (p95): 3464.00 μs Latency (p99): 3800.00 μs Latency (min): 1078.00 μs Latency (max): 110175.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6749621.21 ops/sec Duration: 0.098 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 747.12 MB Peak VMS: 1430.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 10.613 seconds CPU System Time: 1.815 seconds CPU Utilization: 693.8% Database Size: 10.21 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1798851.04 ops/sec Duration: 2.780 seconds Latency (avg): 4443.60 μs Latency (stddev): 830.15 μs Latency (CV): 18.68% Latency (p50): 4733.00 μs Latency (p95): 5464.00 μs Latency (p99): 5814.00 μs Latency (min): 2476.00 μs Latency (max): 7010.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 1049533.81 ops/sec Duration: 0.629 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 304.77 MB Peak VMS: 1293.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 683.19 MB CPU User Time: 9.339 seconds CPU System Time: 0.647 seconds CPU Utilization: 292.6% Database Size: 62.28 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.64x faster (2953018 vs 1798851 ops/sec) ITER: 6.43x faster (6749621 vs 1049534 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2520.13 μs vs 4443.60 μs PUT p99: 3800.00 μs vs 5814.00 μs PUT max: 110175.00 μs vs 7010.00 μs PUT CV: 86.83% vs 18.68% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 747.12 MB vs 304.77 MB Peak VMS: 1430.77 MB vs 1293.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 683.19 MB CPU User Time: 10.613 s vs 9.339 s CPU System Time: 1.815 s vs 0.647 s CPU Utilization: 693.8% vs 292.6% Database Size: 10.21 MB vs 62.28 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3123155.39 ops/sec GET: 3259439.66 ops/sec ITER: 6837856.50 ops/sec (663655 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1763790.99 ops/sec GET: 2000080.80 ops/sec ITER: 2341176.89 ops/sec (664227 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3123155.39 ops/sec Duration: 1.601 seconds Latency (avg): 2378.56 μs Latency (stddev): 2936.38 μs Latency (CV): 123.45% Latency (p50): 2300.00 μs Latency (p95): 3177.00 μs Latency (p99): 3400.00 μs Latency (min): 974.00 μs Latency (max): 121275.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 3259439.66 ops/sec Duration: 1.534 seconds Latency (avg): 1.80 μs Latency (stddev): 0.79 μs Latency (CV): 44.04% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 68.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6837856.50 ops/sec Duration: 0.097 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 791.41 MB Peak VMS: 1468.79 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 21.265 seconds CPU System Time: 2.681 seconds CPU Utilization: 676.4% Database Size: 10.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1763790.99 ops/sec Duration: 2.835 seconds Latency (avg): 4531.47 μs Latency (stddev): 828.84 μs Latency (CV): 18.29% Latency (p50): 4778.00 μs Latency (p95): 5521.00 μs Latency (p99): 5854.00 μs Latency (min): 2497.00 μs Latency (max): 6802.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 2000080.80 ops/sec Duration: 2.500 seconds Latency (avg): 3.58 μs Latency (stddev): 2.16 μs Latency (CV): 60.44% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 7.00 μs Latency (p99): 9.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 273.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2341176.89 ops/sec Duration: 0.284 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 307.16 MB Peak VMS: 1292.54 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 685.34 MB CPU User Time: 27.682 seconds CPU System Time: 2.078 seconds CPU Utilization: 497.7% Database Size: 57.71 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Read Amplification: 0.00x Space Amplification: 0.10x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.77x faster (3123155 vs 1763791 ops/sec) GET: 1.63x faster (3259440 vs 2000081 ops/sec) ITER: 2.92x faster (6837856 vs 2341177 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2378.56 μs vs 4531.47 μs PUT p99: 3400.00 μs vs 5854.00 μs PUT max: 121275.00 μs vs 6802.00 μs PUT CV: 123.45% vs 18.29% GET avg: 1.80 μs vs 3.58 μs GET p99: 4.00 μs vs 9.00 μs GET max: 68.00 μs vs 273.00 μs GET CV: 44.04% vs 60.44% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 791.41 MB vs 307.16 MB Peak VMS: 1468.79 MB vs 1292.54 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 685.34 MB CPU User Time: 21.265 s vs 27.682 s CPU System Time: 2.681 s vs 2.078 s CPU Utilization: 676.4% vs 497.7% Database Size: 10.27 MB vs 57.71 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 6. Delete Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3992825.69 ops/sec ITER: 7487630.43 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3992825.69 ops/sec Duration: 1.252 seconds Latency (avg): 1847.12 μs Latency (stddev): 630.15 μs Latency (CV): 34.12% Latency (p50): 1809.00 μs Latency (p95): 2955.00 μs Latency (p99): 3753.00 μs Latency (min): 530.00 μs Latency (max): 4756.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7487630.43 ops/sec Duration: 0.668 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 970.35 MB Peak VMS: 1686.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 604.85 MB CPU User Time: 10.600 seconds CPU System Time: 0.739 seconds CPU Utilization: 590.4% Database Size: 43.44 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4849152.56 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 4849152.56 ops/sec Duration: 1.031 seconds Latency (avg): 1346.23 μs Latency (stddev): 442.36 μs Latency (CV): 32.86% Latency (p50): 1229.00 μs Latency (p95): 2230.00 μs Latency (p99): 2841.00 μs Latency (min): 411.00 μs Latency (max): 4036.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 655.73 MB Peak VMS: 1438.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 7.283 seconds CPU System Time: 0.298 seconds CPU Utilization: 412.0% Database Size: 48.14 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2065201.72 ops/sec ITER: 4388933.22 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2065201.72 ops/sec Duration: 2.421 seconds Latency (avg): 3870.98 μs Latency (stddev): 8003.80 μs Latency (CV): 206.76% Latency (p50): 3636.00 μs Latency (p95): 4080.00 μs Latency (p99): 4732.00 μs Latency (min): 1253.00 μs Latency (max): 206840.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4388933.22 ops/sec Duration: 1.139 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 243.27 MB Peak VMS: 1293.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 687.05 MB CPU User Time: 8.798 seconds CPU System Time: 0.671 seconds CPU Utilization: 265.9% Database Size: 85.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3159571.64 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3159571.64 ops/sec Duration: 1.582 seconds Latency (avg): 2529.57 μs Latency (stddev): 438.43 μs Latency (CV): 17.33% Latency (p50): 2566.00 μs Latency (p95): 3230.00 μs Latency (p99): 3474.00 μs Latency (min): 501.00 μs Latency (max): 5184.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 180.09 MB Peak VMS: 1294.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 168.31 MB CPU User Time: 10.803 seconds CPU System Time: 0.662 seconds CPU Utilization: 359.0% Database Size: 89.47 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.30x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 7. Large Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (1M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 444052.49 ops/sec ITER: 1718523.10 ops/sec (1000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 133270.96 ops/sec ITER: 477507.49 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 444052.49 ops/sec Duration: 2.252 seconds Latency (avg): 17694.78 μs Latency (stddev): 3431.48 μs Latency (CV): 19.39% Latency (p50): 17600.00 μs Latency (p95): 22993.00 μs Latency (p99): 30545.00 μs Latency (min): 8622.00 μs Latency (max): 37390.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1718523.10 ops/sec Duration: 0.582 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3940.14 MB Peak VMS: 4653.37 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4325.94 MB CPU User Time: 12.170 seconds CPU System Time: 8.376 seconds CPU Utilization: 724.9% Database Size: 761.01 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.18x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 133270.96 ops/sec Duration: 7.504 seconds Latency (avg): 59943.82 μs Latency (stddev): 103471.13 μs Latency (CV): 172.61% Latency (p50): 26355.00 μs Latency (p95): 254113.00 μs Latency (p99): 560476.00 μs Latency (min): 11689.00 μs Latency (max): 584503.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 477507.49 ops/sec Duration: 2.094 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1347.27 MB Peak VMS: 1987.45 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5114.27 MB CPU User Time: 15.759 seconds CPU System Time: 3.966 seconds CPU Utilization: 205.5% Database Size: 346.33 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.08x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 3.33x faster (444052 vs 133271 ops/sec) ITER: 3.60x faster (1718523 vs 477507 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 17694.78 μs vs 59943.82 μs PUT p99: 30545.00 μs vs 560476.00 μs PUT max: 37390.00 μs vs 584503.00 μs PUT CV: 19.39% vs 172.61% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 3940.14 MB vs 1347.27 MB Peak VMS: 4653.37 MB vs 1987.45 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4325.94 MB vs 5114.27 MB CPU User Time: 12.170 s vs 15.759 s CPU System Time: 8.376 s vs 3.966 s CPU Utilization: 724.9% vs 205.5% Database Size: 761.01 MB vs 346.33 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.18x vs 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 8. Small Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (50M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3597710.88 ops/sec ITER: 6080895.61 ops/sec (50000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1755819.39 ops/sec ITER: 4095351.91 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3597710.88 ops/sec Duration: 13.898 seconds Latency (avg): 2126.36 μs Latency (stddev): 809.30 μs Latency (CV): 38.06% Latency (p50): 1939.00 μs Latency (p95): 3762.00 μs Latency (p99): 4668.00 μs Latency (min): 429.00 μs Latency (max): 11853.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6080895.61 ops/sec Duration: 8.222 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 6380.48 MB Peak VMS: 9776.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4504.46 MB CPU User Time: 129.685 seconds CPU System Time: 5.229 seconds CPU Utilization: 609.8% Database Size: 513.64 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.18x Space Amplification: 0.13x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1755819.39 ops/sec Duration: 28.477 seconds Latency (avg): 4555.76 μs Latency (stddev): 22622.97 μs Latency (CV): 496.58% Latency (p50): 3618.00 μs Latency (p95): 4384.00 μs Latency (p99): 5009.00 μs Latency (min): 750.00 μs Latency (max): 1137151.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4095351.91 ops/sec Duration: 12.209 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1419.37 MB Peak VMS: 2189.92 MB Disk Reads: 0.03 MB Disk Writes: 5562.33 MB CPU User Time: 106.809 seconds CPU System Time: 4.952 seconds CPU Utilization: 274.5% Database Size: 497.32 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.46x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.05x faster (3597711 vs 1755819 ops/sec) ITER: 1.48x faster (6080896 vs 4095352 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2126.36 μs vs 4555.76 μs PUT p99: 4668.00 μs vs 5009.00 μs PUT max: 11853.00 μs vs 1137151.00 μs PUT CV: 38.06% vs 496.58% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 6380.48 MB vs 1419.37 MB Peak VMS: 9776.06 MB vs 2189.92 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.03 MB Disk Writes: 4504.46 MB vs 5562.33 MB CPU User Time: 129.685 s vs 106.809 s CPU System Time: 5.229 s vs 4.952 s CPU Utilization: 609.8% vs 274.5% Database Size: 513.64 MB vs 497.32 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.18x vs 1.46x Space Amplification: 0.13x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 9. Batch Size Comparison ### Testing impact of different batch sizes on write performance *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 588204.02 ops/sec ITER: 14144811.75 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 890498.99 ops/sec ITER: 4874375.17 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 588204.02 ops/sec Duration: 17.001 seconds Latency (avg): 13.34 μs Latency (stddev): 90.00 μs Latency (CV): 674.89% Latency (p50): 13.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 19.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 99929.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 14144811.75 ops/sec Duration: 0.707 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 528.10 MB Peak VMS: 1516.56 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1562.77 MB CPU User Time: 23.492 seconds CPU System Time: 119.249 seconds CPU Utilization: 773.8% Database Size: 109.41 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.41x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 890498.99 ops/sec Duration: 11.230 seconds Latency (avg): 8.72 μs Latency (stddev): 207.85 μs Latency (CV): 2383.68% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 11.00 μs Latency (p99): 14.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 229755.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4874375.17 ops/sec Duration: 2.052 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 829.60 MB Peak VMS: 1358.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1542.69 MB CPU User Time: 99.918 seconds CPU System Time: 4.653 seconds CPU Utilization: 747.6% Database Size: 156.51 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.39x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.51x slower (588204 vs 890499 ops/sec) ITER: 2.90x faster (14144812 vs 4874375 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 13.34 μs vs 8.72 μs PUT p99: 19.00 μs vs 14.00 μs PUT max: 99929.00 μs vs 229755.00 μs PUT CV: 674.89% vs 2383.68% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 528.10 MB vs 829.60 MB Peak VMS: 1516.56 MB vs 1358.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1562.77 MB vs 1542.69 MB CPU User Time: 23.492 s vs 99.918 s CPU System Time: 119.249 s vs 4.653 s CPU Utilization: 773.8% vs 747.6% Database Size: 109.41 MB vs 156.51 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.41x vs 1.39x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3199961.09 ops/sec ITER: 6629554.42 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1809026.50 ops/sec ITER: 4463259.56 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3199961.09 ops/sec Duration: 3.125 seconds Latency (avg): 22.61 μs Latency (stddev): 118.91 μs Latency (CV): 525.93% Latency (p50): 21.00 μs Latency (p95): 32.00 μs Latency (p99): 39.00 μs Latency (min): 6.00 μs Latency (max): 75324.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6629554.42 ops/sec Duration: 1.508 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1539.95 MB Peak VMS: 2737.99 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1326.03 MB CPU User Time: 20.356 seconds CPU System Time: 8.742 seconds CPU Utilization: 618.2% Database Size: 107.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.20x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1809026.50 ops/sec Duration: 5.528 seconds Latency (avg): 44.14 μs Latency (stddev): 1997.89 μs Latency (CV): 4525.90% Latency (p50): 34.00 μs Latency (p95): 45.00 μs Latency (p99): 53.00 μs Latency (min): 9.00 μs Latency (max): 663243.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4463259.56 ops/sec Duration: 2.241 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1316.77 MB Peak VMS: 1806.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1458.34 MB CPU User Time: 36.850 seconds CPU System Time: 9.304 seconds CPU Utilization: 588.8% Database Size: 168.89 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.15x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.77x faster (3199961 vs 1809026 ops/sec) ITER: 1.49x faster (6629554 vs 4463260 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 22.61 μs vs 44.14 μs PUT p99: 39.00 μs vs 53.00 μs PUT max: 75324.00 μs vs 663243.00 μs PUT CV: 525.93% vs 4525.90% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1539.95 MB vs 1316.77 MB Peak VMS: 2737.99 MB vs 1806.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1326.03 MB vs 1458.34 MB CPU User Time: 20.356 s vs 36.850 s CPU System Time: 8.742 s vs 9.304 s CPU Utilization: 618.2% vs 588.8% Database Size: 107.27 MB vs 168.89 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.20x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4565928.58 ops/sec ITER: 6906902.55 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2480582.00 ops/sec ITER: 4241065.56 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4565928.58 ops/sec Duration: 2.190 seconds Latency (avg): 160.81 μs Latency (stddev): 53.47 μs Latency (CV): 33.25% Latency (p50): 153.00 μs Latency (p95): 256.00 μs Latency (p99): 328.00 μs Latency (min): 49.00 μs Latency (max): 2286.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6906902.55 ops/sec Duration: 1.448 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2024.02 MB Peak VMS: 2733.58 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1202.60 MB CPU User Time: 17.828 seconds CPU System Time: 1.783 seconds CPU Utilization: 538.0% Database Size: 102.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.09x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2480582.00 ops/sec Duration: 4.031 seconds Latency (avg): 322.14 μs Latency (stddev): 2998.71 μs Latency (CV): 930.88% Latency (p50): 272.00 μs Latency (p95): 344.00 μs Latency (p99): 381.00 μs Latency (min): 60.00 μs Latency (max): 288550.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4241065.56 ops/sec Duration: 2.358 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 500.92 MB Peak VMS: 1294.35 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1463.41 MB CPU User Time: 22.723 seconds CPU System Time: 2.907 seconds CPU Utilization: 400.4% Database Size: 160.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.84x faster (4565929 vs 2480582 ops/sec) ITER: 1.63x faster (6906903 vs 4241066 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 160.81 μs vs 322.14 μs PUT p99: 328.00 μs vs 381.00 μs PUT max: 2286.00 μs vs 288550.00 μs PUT CV: 33.25% vs 930.88% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2024.02 MB vs 500.92 MB Peak VMS: 2733.58 MB vs 1294.35 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1202.60 MB vs 1463.41 MB CPU User Time: 17.828 s vs 22.723 s CPU System Time: 1.783 s vs 2.907 s CPU Utilization: 538.0% vs 400.4% Database Size: 102.52 MB vs 160.23 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.09x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.09x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3603449.08 ops/sec ITER: 5607355.06 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1854162.00 ops/sec ITER: 4714446.01 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3603449.08 ops/sec Duration: 2.775 seconds Latency (avg): 1925.59 μs Latency (stddev): 675.50 μs Latency (CV): 35.08% Latency (p50): 1807.00 μs Latency (p95): 3198.00 μs Latency (p99): 4014.00 μs Latency (min): 483.00 μs Latency (max): 7637.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5607355.06 ops/sec Duration: 1.783 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2032.05 MB Peak VMS: 3090.17 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1238.26 MB CPU User Time: 23.739 seconds CPU System Time: 1.518 seconds CPU Utilization: 553.9% Database Size: 89.50 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1854162.00 ops/sec Duration: 5.393 seconds Latency (avg): 4312.38 μs Latency (stddev): 17400.34 μs Latency (CV): 403.50% Latency (p50): 3599.00 μs Latency (p95): 4110.00 μs Latency (p99): 5058.00 μs Latency (min): 2342.00 μs Latency (max): 459555.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4714446.01 ops/sec Duration: 2.121 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 646.85 MB Peak VMS: 1486.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1425.28 MB CPU User Time: 17.137 seconds CPU System Time: 1.182 seconds CPU Utilization: 243.7% Database Size: 181.74 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.16x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.94x faster (3603449 vs 1854162 ops/sec) ITER: 1.19x faster (5607355 vs 4714446 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 1925.59 μs vs 4312.38 μs PUT p99: 4014.00 μs vs 5058.00 μs PUT max: 7637.00 μs vs 459555.00 μs PUT CV: 35.08% vs 403.50% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2032.05 MB vs 646.85 MB Peak VMS: 3090.17 MB vs 1486.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1238.26 MB vs 1425.28 MB CPU User Time: 23.739 s vs 17.137 s CPU System Time: 1.518 s vs 1.182 s CPU Utilization: 553.9% vs 243.7% Database Size: 89.50 MB vs 181.74 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.12x vs 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2632176.73 ops/sec ITER: 5857270.04 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1403978.54 ops/sec ITER: 4443940.80 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2632176.73 ops/sec Duration: 3.799 seconds Latency (avg): 27917.46 μs Latency (stddev): 6217.00 μs Latency (CV): 22.27% Latency (p50): 28745.00 μs Latency (p95): 36454.00 μs Latency (p99): 40642.00 μs Latency (min): 9009.00 μs Latency (max): 43026.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5857270.04 ops/sec Duration: 1.707 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2056.19 MB Peak VMS: 3010.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1209.65 MB CPU User Time: 32.544 seconds CPU System Time: 1.328 seconds CPU Utilization: 615.1% Database Size: 77.66 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1403978.54 ops/sec Duration: 7.123 seconds Latency (avg): 56797.82 μs Latency (stddev): 9220.29 μs Latency (CV): 16.23% Latency (p50): 56367.00 μs Latency (p95): 70500.00 μs Latency (p99): 91535.00 μs Latency (min): 8996.00 μs Latency (max): 129329.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4443940.80 ops/sec Duration: 2.250 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 785.09 MB Peak VMS: 1678.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1459.02 MB CPU User Time: 17.669 seconds CPU System Time: 1.097 seconds CPU Utilization: 200.0% Database Size: 123.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.87x faster (2632177 vs 1403979 ops/sec) ITER: 1.32x faster (5857270 vs 4443941 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 27917.46 μs vs 56797.82 μs PUT p99: 40642.00 μs vs 91535.00 μs PUT max: 43026.00 μs vs 129329.00 μs PUT CV: 22.27% vs 16.23% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2056.19 MB vs 785.09 MB Peak VMS: 3010.68 MB vs 1678.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1209.65 MB vs 1459.02 MB CPU User Time: 32.544 s vs 17.669 s CPU System Time: 1.328 s vs 1.097 s CPU Utilization: 615.1% vs 200.0% Database Size: 77.66 MB vs 123.04 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.09x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 10. Batch Size Impact on Deletes ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 594953.01 ops/sec ITER: 12578616.35 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 594953.01 ops/sec Duration: 8.404 seconds Latency (avg): 13.18 μs Latency (stddev): 133.31 μs Latency (CV): 1011.59% Latency (p50): 13.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 18.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 105404.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 12578616.35 ops/sec Duration: 0.398 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 485.64 MB Peak VMS: 1200.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 751.73 MB CPU User Time: 10.794 seconds CPU System Time: 58.346 seconds CPU Utilization: 754.6% Database Size: 55.14 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.36x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 626916.25 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 626916.25 ops/sec Duration: 7.976 seconds Latency (avg): 12.61 μs Latency (stddev): 8.19 μs Latency (CV): 64.95% Latency (p50): 13.00 μs Latency (p95): 15.00 μs Latency (p99): 17.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 4432.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 653.41 MB Peak VMS: 1438.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 185.97 MB CPU User Time: 9.530 seconds CPU System Time: 55.183 seconds CPU Utilization: 715.7% Database Size: 56.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.34x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 956693.18 ops/sec ITER: 4362731.45 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 956693.18 ops/sec Duration: 5.226 seconds Latency (avg): 8.12 μs Latency (stddev): 4.90 μs Latency (CV): 60.39% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 13.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 3314.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4362731.45 ops/sec Duration: 1.146 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 282.07 MB Peak VMS: 1293.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 716.57 MB CPU User Time: 45.845 seconds CPU System Time: 2.303 seconds CPU Utilization: 716.2% Database Size: 71.94 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1018235.37 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1018235.37 ops/sec Duration: 4.910 seconds Latency (avg): 7.74 μs Latency (stddev): 4.53 μs Latency (CV): 58.50% Latency (p50): 7.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 2931.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 115.78 MB Peak VMS: 1294.32 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 181.79 MB CPU User Time: 42.031 seconds CPU System Time: 1.578 seconds CPU Utilization: 729.6% Database Size: 66.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.33x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=100 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 5088592.39 ops/sec ITER: 7495970.92 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 5088592.39 ops/sec Duration: 0.983 seconds Latency (avg): 148.12 μs Latency (stddev): 46.84 μs Latency (CV): 31.62% Latency (p50): 139.00 μs Latency (p95): 229.00 μs Latency (p99): 270.00 μs Latency (min): 44.00 μs Latency (max): 1679.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7495970.92 ops/sec Duration: 0.667 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 969.70 MB Peak VMS: 1691.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 615.13 MB CPU User Time: 8.213 seconds CPU System Time: 1.105 seconds CPU Utilization: 563.6% Database Size: 51.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 6445292.36 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 6445292.36 ops/sec Duration: 0.776 seconds Latency (avg): 113.08 μs Latency (stddev): 25.18 μs Latency (CV): 22.26% Latency (p50): 114.00 μs Latency (p95): 151.00 μs Latency (p99): 179.00 μs Latency (min): 38.00 μs Latency (max): 1017.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 654.27 MB Peak VMS: 1438.53 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 105.67 MB CPU User Time: 6.089 seconds CPU System Time: 0.381 seconds CPU Utilization: 416.1% Database Size: 51.95 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2833837.38 ops/sec ITER: 4343154.36 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2833837.38 ops/sec Duration: 1.764 seconds Latency (avg): 281.81 μs Latency (stddev): 401.39 μs Latency (CV): 142.43% Latency (p50): 274.00 μs Latency (p95): 347.00 μs Latency (p99): 385.00 μs Latency (min): 69.00 μs Latency (max): 31672.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4343154.36 ops/sec Duration: 1.151 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 183.08 MB Peak VMS: 1293.91 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 688.93 MB CPU User Time: 10.350 seconds CPU System Time: 1.558 seconds CPU Utilization: 407.0% Database Size: 90.29 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3044812.95 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3044812.95 ops/sec Duration: 1.642 seconds Latency (avg): 262.31 μs Latency (stddev): 51.08 μs Latency (CV): 19.47% Latency (p50): 260.00 μs Latency (p95): 346.00 μs Latency (p99): 393.00 μs Latency (min): 50.00 μs Latency (max): 2637.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 144.65 MB Peak VMS: 1294.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 171.57 MB CPU User Time: 11.083 seconds CPU System Time: 1.555 seconds CPU Utilization: 395.0% Database Size: 90.92 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.31x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3993884.56 ops/sec ITER: 7192764.65 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3993884.56 ops/sec Duration: 1.252 seconds Latency (avg): 1746.64 μs Latency (stddev): 589.48 μs Latency (CV): 33.75% Latency (p50): 1667.00 μs Latency (p95): 2600.00 μs Latency (p99): 3479.00 μs Latency (min): 523.00 μs Latency (max): 5351.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7192764.65 ops/sec Duration: 0.695 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 967.27 MB Peak VMS: 1707.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 609.56 MB CPU User Time: 10.288 seconds CPU System Time: 0.783 seconds CPU Utilization: 568.5% Database Size: 43.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 5651914.42 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 5651914.42 ops/sec Duration: 0.885 seconds Latency (avg): 1234.72 μs Latency (stddev): 372.64 μs Latency (CV): 30.18% Latency (p50): 1229.00 μs Latency (p95): 1708.00 μs Latency (p99): 2143.00 μs Latency (min): 414.00 μs Latency (max): 9190.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 655.52 MB Peak VMS: 1438.79 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 6.727 seconds CPU System Time: 0.286 seconds CPU Utilization: 415.3% Database Size: 47.74 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2054208.93 ops/sec ITER: 4364948.07 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2054208.93 ops/sec Duration: 2.434 seconds Latency (avg): 3891.26 μs Latency (stddev): 650.97 μs Latency (CV): 16.73% Latency (p50): 3841.00 μs Latency (p95): 4909.00 μs Latency (p99): 5478.00 μs Latency (min): 851.00 μs Latency (max): 6523.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4364948.07 ops/sec Duration: 1.145 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 235.57 MB Peak VMS: 1293.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.14 MB CPU User Time: 9.541 seconds CPU System Time: 0.732 seconds CPU Utilization: 286.9% Database Size: 80.73 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3616767.33 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3616767.33 ops/sec Duration: 1.382 seconds Latency (avg): 2209.09 μs Latency (stddev): 1246.19 μs Latency (CV): 56.41% Latency (p50): 2186.00 μs Latency (p95): 2704.00 μs Latency (p99): 3087.00 μs Latency (min): 532.00 μs Latency (max): 32866.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 186.27 MB Peak VMS: 1294.67 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.84 MB CPU User Time: 9.108 seconds CPU System Time: 0.401 seconds CPU Utilization: 335.1% Database Size: 64.90 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.29x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 11. Seek Performance (Block Index Effectiveness) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3928371.64 ops/sec ITER: 7679028.88 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3928371.64 ops/sec Duration: 1.273 seconds Latency (avg): 1747.09 μs Latency (stddev): 576.47 μs Latency (CV): 33.00% Latency (p50): 1670.00 μs Latency (p95): 2991.00 μs Latency (p99): 3549.00 μs Latency (min): 602.00 μs Latency (max): 5241.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7679028.88 ops/sec Duration: 0.651 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 973.05 MB Peak VMS: 1671.67 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 602.27 MB CPU User Time: 9.884 seconds CPU System Time: 0.750 seconds CPU Utilization: 552.5% Database Size: 43.86 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1216085.21 ops/sec ITER: 15006452.77 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1216085.21 ops/sec Duration: 4.112 seconds Latency (avg): 6.38 μs Latency (stddev): 6.67 μs Latency (CV): 104.50% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 10.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 4008.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 15006452.77 ops/sec Duration: 0.333 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 943.45 MB Peak VMS: 1566.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 32.793 seconds CPU System Time: 0.505 seconds CPU Utilization: 695.3% Database Size: 43.86 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2149406.08 ops/sec ITER: 4304570.77 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2149406.08 ops/sec Duration: 2.326 seconds Latency (avg): 3718.46 μs Latency (stddev): 601.10 μs Latency (CV): 16.17% Latency (p50): 3718.00 μs Latency (p95): 4872.00 μs Latency (p99): 5350.00 μs Latency (min): 905.00 μs Latency (max): 6755.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4304570.77 ops/sec Duration: 1.162 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 238.06 MB Peak VMS: 1293.95 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.25 MB CPU User Time: 9.151 seconds CPU System Time: 0.801 seconds CPU Utilization: 285.2% Database Size: 80.33 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1126457.21 ops/sec ITER: 5290607.80 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1126457.21 ops/sec Duration: 4.439 seconds Latency (avg): 6.77 μs Latency (stddev): 2.94 μs Latency (CV): 43.46% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 11.00 μs Latency (p99): 14.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 801.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5290607.80 ops/sec Duration: 0.945 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 225.55 MB Peak VMS: 1302.55 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 33.127 seconds CPU System Time: 2.313 seconds CPU Utilization: 620.9% Database Size: 53.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 11229974.15 ops/sec ITER: 20175038.64 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 11229974.15 ops/sec Duration: 0.445 seconds Latency (avg): 584.72 μs Latency (stddev): 110.30 μs Latency (CV): 18.86% Latency (p50): 556.00 μs Latency (p95): 878.00 μs Latency (p99): 995.00 μs Latency (min): 359.00 μs Latency (max): 1559.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 20175038.64 ops/sec Duration: 0.248 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1135.65 MB Peak VMS: 2200.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 602.75 MB CPU User Time: 3.120 seconds CPU System Time: 0.637 seconds CPU Utilization: 541.5% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 6053246.78 ops/sec ITER: 17784101.01 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 6053246.78 ops/sec Duration: 0.826 seconds Latency (avg): 1.06 μs Latency (stddev): 2.42 μs Latency (CV): 228.93% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 2.00 μs Latency (p99): 2.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 561.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 17784101.01 ops/sec Duration: 0.281 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 937.89 MB Peak VMS: 1438.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 5.933 seconds CPU System Time: 0.349 seconds CPU Utilization: 457.5% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2705435.92 ops/sec ITER: 5936818.01 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2705435.92 ops/sec Duration: 1.848 seconds Latency (avg): 2954.66 μs Latency (stddev): 2225.32 μs Latency (CV): 75.32% Latency (p50): 2782.00 μs Latency (p95): 3398.00 μs Latency (p99): 5422.00 μs Latency (min): 1137.00 μs Latency (max): 60852.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5936818.01 ops/sec Duration: 0.842 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 218.21 MB Peak VMS: 1293.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 740.23 MB CPU User Time: 6.474 seconds CPU System Time: 0.684 seconds CPU Utilization: 265.7% Database Size: 121.69 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1783963.45 ops/sec ITER: 6442028.83 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1783963.45 ops/sec Duration: 2.803 seconds Latency (avg): 3.42 μs Latency (stddev): 1.62 μs Latency (CV): 47.39% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 7.00 μs Latency (p99): 8.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 390.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6442028.83 ops/sec Duration: 0.776 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 225.92 MB Peak VMS: 1292.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 87.18 MB CPU User Time: 20.540 seconds CPU System Time: 0.315 seconds CPU Utilization: 539.8% Database Size: 87.29 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3119897.02 ops/sec ITER: 6627234.61 ops/sec (660616 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3119897.02 ops/sec Duration: 1.603 seconds Latency (avg): 2389.57 μs Latency (stddev): 2375.63 μs Latency (CV): 99.42% Latency (p50): 2349.00 μs Latency (p95): 3146.00 μs Latency (p99): 3454.00 μs Latency (min): 975.00 μs Latency (max): 120993.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6627234.61 ops/sec Duration: 0.100 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 745.12 MB Peak VMS: 1430.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 10.084 seconds CPU System Time: 1.687 seconds CPU Utilization: 691.2% Database Size: 10.22 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3579677.17 ops/sec ITER: 18153279.66 ops/sec (660616 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 3579677.17 ops/sec Duration: 1.397 seconds Latency (avg): 1.15 μs Latency (stddev): 1.99 μs Latency (CV): 173.85% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 2.00 μs Latency (p99): 2.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 522.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 18153279.66 ops/sec Duration: 0.036 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 203.41 MB Peak VMS: 919.83 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 7.707 seconds CPU System Time: 2.763 seconds CPU Utilization: 608.6% Database Size: 10.22 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1810740.01 ops/sec ITER: 1094854.13 ops/sec (656653 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1810740.01 ops/sec Duration: 2.761 seconds Latency (avg): 4365.01 μs Latency (stddev): 1335.92 μs Latency (CV): 30.61% Latency (p50): 4654.00 μs Latency (p95): 5431.00 μs Latency (p99): 5886.00 μs Latency (min): 1130.00 μs Latency (max): 72244.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1094854.13 ops/sec Duration: 0.600 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 205.98 MB Peak VMS: 1293.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 679.31 MB CPU User Time: 8.953 seconds CPU System Time: 0.782 seconds CPU Utilization: 289.3% Database Size: 60.09 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 705472.45 ops/sec ITER: 2288428.10 ops/sec (656653 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 705472.45 ops/sec Duration: 7.087 seconds Latency (avg): 10.57 μs Latency (stddev): 5.40 μs Latency (CV): 51.04% Latency (p50): 11.00 μs Latency (p95): 18.00 μs Latency (p99): 21.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 1191.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2288428.10 ops/sec Duration: 0.287 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 224.08 MB Peak VMS: 1295.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 47.833 seconds CPU System Time: 6.976 seconds CPU Utilization: 706.5% Database Size: 37.15 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv ### 12. Range Query Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 5866685.44 ops/sec ITER: 8365260.75 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 5866685.44 ops/sec Duration: 0.170 seconds Latency (avg): 1328.81 μs Latency (stddev): 353.73 μs Latency (CV): 26.62% Latency (p50): 1365.00 μs Latency (p95): 1866.00 μs Latency (p99): 2012.00 μs Latency (min): 633.00 μs Latency (max): 3923.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8365260.75 ops/sec Duration: 0.120 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 301.62 MB Peak VMS: 1080.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 119.81 MB CPU User Time: 1.468 seconds CPU System Time: 0.123 seconds CPU Utilization: 548.3% Database Size: 8.98 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 733780.69 ops/sec ITER: 17680339.46 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 733780.69 ops/sec Duration: 1.363 seconds Latency (avg): 10.22 μs Latency (stddev): 8.18 μs Latency (CV): 80.05% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 29.00 μs Latency (p99): 35.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 487.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 17680339.46 ops/sec Duration: 0.057 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 265.70 MB Peak VMS: 920.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 10.129 seconds CPU System Time: 0.368 seconds CPU Utilization: 706.2% Database Size: 8.98 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2256073.35 ops/sec ITER: 4864286.41 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2256073.35 ops/sec Duration: 0.443 seconds Latency (avg): 3531.77 μs Latency (stddev): 381.00 μs Latency (CV): 10.79% Latency (p50): 3624.00 μs Latency (p95): 3986.00 μs Latency (p99): 4192.00 μs Latency (min): 1086.00 μs Latency (max): 4560.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4864286.41 ops/sec Duration: 0.206 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 99.17 MB Peak VMS: 1285.31 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 126.72 MB CPU User Time: 1.301 seconds CPU System Time: 0.130 seconds CPU Utilization: 219.8% Database Size: 19.46 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 319281.54 ops/sec ITER: 4940076.87 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 319281.54 ops/sec Duration: 3.132 seconds Latency (avg): 24.76 μs Latency (stddev): 5.02 μs Latency (CV): 20.30% Latency (p50): 24.00 μs Latency (p95): 31.00 μs Latency (p99): 35.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 470.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 4940076.87 ops/sec Duration: 0.202 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 155.43 MB Peak VMS: 1294.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 24.703 seconds CPU System Time: 0.412 seconds CPU Utilization: 738.2% Database Size: 14.09 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (500K ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 6924536.40 ops/sec ITER: 9071611.30 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 6924536.40 ops/sec Duration: 0.072 seconds Latency (avg): 1057.41 μs Latency (stddev): 211.59 μs Latency (CV): 20.01% Latency (p50): 1060.00 μs Latency (p95): 1333.00 μs Latency (p99): 1880.00 μs Latency (min): 416.00 μs Latency (max): 1966.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9071611.30 ops/sec Duration: 0.055 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 193.75 MB Peak VMS: 918.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 0.510 seconds CPU System Time: 0.078 seconds CPU Utilization: 461.4% Database Size: 4.34 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 121858.96 ops/sec ITER: 20220811.26 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 121858.96 ops/sec Duration: 4.103 seconds Latency (avg): 63.56 μs Latency (stddev): 11.49 μs Latency (CV): 18.08% Latency (p50): 60.00 μs Latency (p95): 78.00 μs Latency (p99): 86.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 366.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 20220811.26 ops/sec Duration: 0.025 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 176.61 MB Peak VMS: 919.63 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 31.046 seconds CPU System Time: 0.986 seconds CPU Utilization: 770.0% Database Size: 4.34 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2267069.90 ops/sec ITER: 6908462.87 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2267069.90 ops/sec Duration: 0.221 seconds Latency (avg): 3487.94 μs Latency (stddev): 545.09 μs Latency (CV): 15.63% Latency (p50): 3522.00 μs Latency (p95): 4603.00 μs Latency (p99): 5067.00 μs Latency (min): 981.00 μs Latency (max): 5221.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6908462.87 ops/sec Duration: 0.072 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 89.62 MB Peak VMS: 1301.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 61.77 MB CPU User Time: 0.601 seconds CPU System Time: 0.060 seconds CPU Utilization: 225.8% Database Size: 56.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 49817.96 ops/sec ITER: 7246376.81 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 49817.96 ops/sec Duration: 10.037 seconds Latency (avg): 158.57 μs Latency (stddev): 24.65 μs Latency (CV): 15.54% Latency (p50): 150.00 μs Latency (p95): 189.00 μs Latency (p99): 199.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 863.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 7246376.81 ops/sec Duration: 0.069 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 75.23 MB Peak VMS: 1232.60 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 79.356 seconds CPU System Time: 0.076 seconds CPU Utilization: 783.4% Database Size: 7.49 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 12149930.14 ops/sec ITER: 21929824.56 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 12149930.14 ops/sec Duration: 0.082 seconds Latency (avg): 584.88 μs Latency (stddev): 130.22 μs Latency (CV): 22.26% Latency (p50): 546.00 μs Latency (p95): 884.00 μs Latency (p99): 1011.00 μs Latency (min): 427.00 μs Latency (max): 1710.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 21929824.56 ops/sec Duration: 0.046 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 301.75 MB Peak VMS: 1080.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 118.65 MB CPU User Time: 0.548 seconds CPU System Time: 0.142 seconds CPU Utilization: 538.4% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.07x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1191694.84 ops/sec ITER: 17954610.74 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.6.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 1191694.84 ops/sec Duration: 0.839 seconds Latency (avg): 6.55 μs Latency (stddev): 5.76 μs Latency (CV): 87.88% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 23.00 μs Latency (p99): 23.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 390.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 17954610.74 ops/sec Duration: 0.056 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 260.16 MB Peak VMS: 920.74 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 6.582 seconds CPU System Time: 0.186 seconds CPU Utilization: 715.2% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2596815.78 ops/sec ITER: 6286421.96 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2596815.78 ops/sec Duration: 0.385 seconds Latency (avg): 3071.52 μs Latency (stddev): 723.55 μs Latency (CV): 23.56% Latency (p50): 2874.00 μs Latency (p95): 4604.00 μs Latency (p99): 6273.00 μs Latency (min): 1149.00 μs Latency (max): 6575.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6286421.96 ops/sec Duration: 0.159 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 93.29 MB Peak VMS: 1284.54 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 133.36 MB CPU User Time: 1.121 seconds CPU System Time: 0.129 seconds CPU Utilization: 228.6% Database Size: 25.99 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.21x Space Amplification: 0.23x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 416144.41 ops/sec ITER: 5365670.44 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 416144.41 ops/sec Duration: 2.403 seconds Latency (avg): 17.60 μs Latency (stddev): 17.59 μs Latency (CV): 99.92% Latency (p50): 17.00 μs Latency (p95): 21.00 μs Latency (p99): 41.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 16018.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 5365670.44 ops/sec Duration: 0.186 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 147.21 MB Peak VMS: 1294.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 17.852 seconds CPU System Time: 0.065 seconds CPU Utilization: 677.3% Database Size: 21.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------* RUNNER Complete Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260222_215604.csv *------------------------------------------*