*------------------------------------------* RUNNER: TidesDB vs RocksDB Comparison Date: Mon Feb 16 06:10:38 AM CET 2026 Sync Mode: DISABLED (maximum performance) TidesDB B+tree: DISABLED (block-based klog) Parameters: Default Batch Size: 1000 Default Threads: 8 Environment: Hostname: xfs Kernel: 5.15.0-164-generic Filesystem: unknown CPU: AMD Ryzen Threadripper 2950X 16-Core Processor CPU Cores: 32 Memory: 125Gi Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* ### 1. Sequential Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 6457899.98 ops/sec ITER: 10718906.33 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 6457899.98 ops/sec Duration: 1.548 seconds Latency (avg): 1213.44 μs Latency (stddev): 203.95 μs Latency (CV): 16.81% Latency (p50): 1187.00 μs Latency (p95): 1453.00 μs Latency (p99): 2061.00 μs Latency (min): 770.00 μs Latency (max): 8904.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10718906.33 ops/sec Duration: 0.933 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2098.14 MB Peak VMS: 2734.01 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1193.70 MB CPU User Time: 12.186 seconds CPU System Time: 2.258 seconds CPU Utilization: 581.4% Database Size: 110.64 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 778397.72 ops/sec ITER: 2848941.97 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 778397.72 ops/sec Duration: 12.847 seconds Latency (avg): 10273.98 μs Latency (stddev): 942.89 μs Latency (CV): 9.18% Latency (p50): 10307.00 μs Latency (p95): 11664.00 μs Latency (p99): 12774.00 μs Latency (min): 2116.00 μs Latency (max): 20148.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2848941.97 ops/sec Duration: 3.510 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 264.18 MB Peak VMS: 1295.17 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1641.80 MB CPU User Time: 44.510 seconds CPU System Time: 3.137 seconds CPU Utilization: 290.8% Database Size: 198.87 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.48x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 2. Random Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2849720.56 ops/sec ITER: 3098558.64 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2849720.56 ops/sec Duration: 3.509 seconds Latency (avg): 2724.25 μs Latency (stddev): 597.00 μs Latency (CV): 21.91% Latency (p50): 2763.00 μs Latency (p95): 3646.00 μs Latency (p99): 3903.00 μs Latency (min): 935.00 μs Latency (max): 4909.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3098558.64 ops/sec Duration: 3.227 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2113.50 MB Peak VMS: 3054.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1227.22 MB CPU User Time: 33.389 seconds CPU System Time: 2.720 seconds CPU Utilization: 535.8% Database Size: 87.85 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 698910.34 ops/sec ITER: 2456050.81 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 698910.34 ops/sec Duration: 14.308 seconds Latency (avg): 11441.42 μs Latency (stddev): 839.98 μs Latency (CV): 7.34% Latency (p50): 11544.00 μs Latency (p95): 12525.00 μs Latency (p99): 13242.00 μs Latency (min): 2951.00 μs Latency (max): 17598.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2456050.81 ops/sec Duration: 4.072 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 335.06 MB Peak VMS: 1370.79 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1481.24 MB CPU User Time: 51.824 seconds CPU System Time: 3.315 seconds CPU Utilization: 299.9% Database Size: 132.92 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 3. Random Read Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (10M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2842196.15 ops/sec ITER: 3137948.94 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2842196.15 ops/sec Duration: 3.518 seconds Latency (avg): 2639.05 μs Latency (stddev): 537.78 μs Latency (CV): 20.38% Latency (p50): 2664.00 μs Latency (p95): 3495.00 μs Latency (p99): 3799.00 μs Latency (min): 992.00 μs Latency (max): 5815.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3137948.94 ops/sec Duration: 3.187 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2116.97 MB Peak VMS: 2993.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1214.00 MB CPU User Time: 31.487 seconds CPU System Time: 2.477 seconds CPU Utilization: 506.4% Database Size: 88.35 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 1411998.00 ops/sec ITER: 11564129.46 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 1411998.00 ops/sec Duration: 7.082 seconds Latency (avg): 4.96 μs Latency (stddev): 16.35 μs Latency (CV): 329.62% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 6.00 μs Latency (p99): 8.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 1547.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 11564129.46 ops/sec Duration: 0.865 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 6892.13 MB Peak VMS: 7340.76 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 40.802 seconds CPU System Time: 12.681 seconds CPU Utilization: 596.3% Database Size: 88.35 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 697287.20 ops/sec ITER: 2411777.19 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 697287.20 ops/sec Duration: 14.341 seconds Latency (avg): 11468.22 μs Latency (stddev): 769.45 μs Latency (CV): 6.71% Latency (p50): 11531.00 μs Latency (p95): 12535.00 μs Latency (p99): 12900.00 μs Latency (min): 2120.00 μs Latency (max): 16685.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2411777.19 ops/sec Duration: 4.146 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 350.20 MB Peak VMS: 1370.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1482.22 MB CPU User Time: 51.706 seconds CPU System Time: 3.350 seconds CPU Utilization: 297.8% Database Size: 129.77 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 764188.83 ops/sec ITER: 3343793.84 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 764188.83 ops/sec Duration: 13.086 seconds Latency (avg): 9.56 μs Latency (stddev): 4.83 μs Latency (CV): 50.56% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 18.00 μs Latency (p99): 25.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 598.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3343793.84 ops/sec Duration: 2.991 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 337.58 MB Peak VMS: 1377.05 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 85.93 MB CPU User Time: 94.074 seconds CPU System Time: 16.626 seconds CPU Utilization: 641.2% Database Size: 86.11 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 4. Mixed Workload (50/50 Read/Write, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3244597.91 ops/sec GET: 738067.41 ops/sec ITER: 3346366.31 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3244597.91 ops/sec Duration: 1.541 seconds Latency (avg): 2298.26 μs Latency (stddev): 497.42 μs Latency (CV): 21.64% Latency (p50): 2247.00 μs Latency (p95): 3066.00 μs Latency (p99): 3353.00 μs Latency (min): 972.00 μs Latency (max): 9994.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 738067.41 ops/sec Duration: 6.774 seconds Latency (avg): 9.24 μs Latency (stddev): 270.62 μs Latency (CV): 2929.45% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 14.00 μs Latency (p99): 17.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 236954.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3346366.31 ops/sec Duration: 1.494 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3111.14 MB Peak VMS: 3802.40 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.73 MB CPU User Time: 49.546 seconds CPU System Time: 13.479 seconds CPU Utilization: 608.6% Database Size: 43.72 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 682561.80 ops/sec GET: 867817.96 ops/sec ITER: 2740371.70 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 682561.80 ops/sec Duration: 7.325 seconds Latency (avg): 11710.55 μs Latency (stddev): 894.74 μs Latency (CV): 7.64% Latency (p50): 11817.00 μs Latency (p95): 12770.00 μs Latency (p99): 13318.00 μs Latency (min): 2491.00 μs Latency (max): 21760.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 867817.96 ops/sec Duration: 5.762 seconds Latency (avg): 8.34 μs Latency (stddev): 4.75 μs Latency (CV): 56.97% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 23.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 641.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2740371.70 ops/sec Duration: 1.825 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 308.17 MB Peak VMS: 1294.45 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.09 MB CPU User Time: 62.705 seconds CPU System Time: 6.301 seconds CPU Utilization: 445.6% Database Size: 81.85 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 5. Hot Key Workload (Zipfian Distribution, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1362028.92 ops/sec ITER: 3374139.94 ops/sec (656638 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1362028.92 ops/sec Duration: 3.671 seconds Latency (avg): 5752.80 μs Latency (stddev): 2971.92 μs Latency (CV): 51.66% Latency (p50): 5497.00 μs Latency (p95): 8494.00 μs Latency (p99): 9090.00 μs Latency (min): 2646.00 μs Latency (max): 181693.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3374139.94 ops/sec Duration: 0.195 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 844.14 MB Peak VMS: 1376.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 20.001 seconds CPU System Time: 7.460 seconds CPU Utilization: 710.1% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 591200.90 ops/sec ITER: 1120720.05 ops/sec (656761 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 591200.90 ops/sec Duration: 8.457 seconds Latency (avg): 13449.08 μs Latency (stddev): 2359.60 μs Latency (CV): 17.54% Latency (p50): 13740.00 μs Latency (p95): 15459.00 μs Latency (p99): 15851.00 μs Latency (min): 3844.00 μs Latency (max): 134346.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1120720.05 ops/sec Duration: 0.586 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 184.11 MB Peak VMS: 1295.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 681.31 MB CPU User Time: 23.576 seconds CPU System Time: 2.318 seconds CPU Utilization: 286.3% Database Size: 57.78 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1239932.68 ops/sec GET: 1134921.25 ops/sec ITER: 3741022.46 ops/sec (659546 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1239932.68 ops/sec Duration: 4.032 seconds Latency (avg): 6172.09 μs Latency (stddev): 5998.07 μs Latency (CV): 97.18% Latency (p50): 5894.00 μs Latency (p95): 8972.00 μs Latency (p99): 9473.00 μs Latency (min): 2446.00 μs Latency (max): 310654.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1134921.25 ops/sec Duration: 4.406 seconds Latency (avg): 3.15 μs Latency (stddev): 1.34 μs Latency (CV): 42.66% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 5.00 μs Latency (p99): 7.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 64.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3741022.46 ops/sec Duration: 0.176 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 876.64 MB Peak VMS: 1414.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 42.288 seconds CPU System Time: 20.010 seconds CPU Utilization: 683.8% Database Size: 10.21 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 571475.99 ops/sec GET: 921485.90 ops/sec ITER: 1184929.65 ops/sec (656752 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 571475.99 ops/sec Duration: 8.749 seconds Latency (avg): 13906.76 μs Latency (stddev): 2231.57 μs Latency (CV): 16.05% Latency (p50): 14239.00 μs Latency (p95): 15636.00 μs Latency (p99): 15928.00 μs Latency (min): 3793.00 μs Latency (max): 123621.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 921485.90 ops/sec Duration: 5.426 seconds Latency (avg): 6.40 μs Latency (stddev): 4.41 μs Latency (CV): 68.87% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 14.00 μs Latency (p99): 18.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 570.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1184929.65 ops/sec Duration: 0.554 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 226.35 MB Peak VMS: 1294.07 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 680.68 MB CPU User Time: 59.081 seconds CPU System Time: 9.179 seconds CPU Utilization: 444.7% Database Size: 61.92 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 6. Delete Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3423853.16 ops/sec ITER: 4123422.28 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3423853.16 ops/sec Duration: 1.460 seconds Latency (avg): 2195.35 μs Latency (stddev): 434.35 μs Latency (CV): 19.78% Latency (p50): 2200.00 μs Latency (p95): 2852.00 μs Latency (p99): 3073.00 μs Latency (min): 1074.00 μs Latency (max): 10070.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4123422.28 ops/sec Duration: 1.213 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1042.01 MB Peak VMS: 1691.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 604.06 MB CPU User Time: 12.710 seconds CPU System Time: 1.123 seconds CPU Utilization: 517.3% Database Size: 43.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3961155.33 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3961155.33 ops/sec Duration: 1.262 seconds Latency (avg): 1935.53 μs Latency (stddev): 349.31 μs Latency (CV): 18.05% Latency (p50): 1947.00 μs Latency (p95): 2435.00 μs Latency (p99): 2551.00 μs Latency (min): 907.00 μs Latency (max): 3243.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 730.41 MB Peak VMS: 1385.90 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 10.591 seconds CPU System Time: 0.573 seconds CPU Utilization: 403.6% Database Size: 47.02 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 697236.20 ops/sec ITER: 2214007.76 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 697236.20 ops/sec Duration: 7.171 seconds Latency (avg): 11465.68 μs Latency (stddev): 729.87 μs Latency (CV): 6.37% Latency (p50): 11570.00 μs Latency (p95): 12503.00 μs Latency (p99): 12795.00 μs Latency (min): 3314.00 μs Latency (max): 13725.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2214007.76 ops/sec Duration: 2.258 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 208.73 MB Peak VMS: 1295.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.98 MB CPU User Time: 23.205 seconds CPU System Time: 1.678 seconds CPU Utilization: 263.6% Database Size: 80.78 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1749432.92 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1749432.92 ops/sec Duration: 2.858 seconds Latency (avg): 4566.92 μs Latency (stddev): 793.65 μs Latency (CV): 17.38% Latency (p50): 4527.00 μs Latency (p95): 5710.00 μs Latency (p99): 6757.00 μs Latency (min): 1483.00 μs Latency (max): 8057.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 176.04 MB Peak VMS: 1296.08 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.29 MB CPU User Time: 18.514 seconds CPU System Time: 0.968 seconds CPU Utilization: 342.8% Database Size: 66.03 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 7. Large Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (1M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 293968.67 ops/sec ITER: 807404.22 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 293968.67 ops/sec Duration: 3.402 seconds Latency (avg): 27047.38 μs Latency (stddev): 8627.27 μs Latency (CV): 31.90% Latency (p50): 25236.00 μs Latency (p95): 38496.00 μs Latency (p99): 45665.00 μs Latency (min): 19079.00 μs Latency (max): 114949.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 807404.22 ops/sec Duration: 1.239 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3571.56 MB Peak VMS: 4141.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4339.66 MB CPU User Time: 22.161 seconds CPU System Time: 10.140 seconds CPU Utilization: 695.9% Database Size: 301.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.05x Space Amplification: 0.07x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 78301.21 ops/sec ITER: 206975.74 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 78301.21 ops/sec Duration: 12.771 seconds Latency (avg): 101249.01 μs Latency (stddev): 8308.54 μs Latency (CV): 8.21% Latency (p50): 103502.00 μs Latency (p95): 108456.00 μs Latency (p99): 111272.00 μs Latency (min): 31819.00 μs Latency (max): 127053.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 206975.74 ops/sec Duration: 4.831 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1063.56 MB Peak VMS: 1696.18 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5381.33 MB CPU User Time: 56.091 seconds CPU System Time: 11.538 seconds CPU Utilization: 383.0% Database Size: 344.82 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 8. Small Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (50M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2449156.61 ops/sec ITER: 3254233.33 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2449156.61 ops/sec Duration: 20.415 seconds Latency (avg): 2949.99 μs Latency (stddev): 825.15 μs Latency (CV): 27.97% Latency (p50): 3000.00 μs Latency (p95): 4023.00 μs Latency (p99): 4534.00 μs Latency (min): 764.00 μs Latency (max): 13519.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3254233.33 ops/sec Duration: 15.365 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 7214.77 MB Peak VMS: 9296.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4571.24 MB CPU User Time: 186.701 seconds CPU System Time: 10.099 seconds CPU Utilization: 549.2% Database Size: 505.96 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.20x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 747071.02 ops/sec ITER: 2352497.69 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 747071.02 ops/sec Duration: 66.928 seconds Latency (avg): 10707.03 μs Latency (stddev): 827.51 μs Latency (CV): 7.73% Latency (p50): 10772.00 μs Latency (p95): 11959.00 μs Latency (p99): 12307.00 μs Latency (min): 2546.00 μs Latency (max): 21524.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2352497.69 ops/sec Duration: 21.254 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 684.52 MB Peak VMS: 1551.60 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6090.98 MB CPU User Time: 278.375 seconds CPU System Time: 12.564 seconds CPU Utilization: 329.6% Database Size: 443.99 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.60x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 9. Batch Size Comparison ### Testing impact of different batch sizes on write performance *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 138197.97 ops/sec ITER: 7861505.43 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 138197.97 ops/sec Duration: 72.360 seconds Latency (avg): 57.16 μs Latency (stddev): 11.84 μs Latency (CV): 20.72% Latency (p50): 58.00 μs Latency (p95): 65.00 μs Latency (p99): 69.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 7686.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7861505.43 ops/sec Duration: 1.272 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 565.11 MB Peak VMS: 1497.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1626.12 MB CPU User Time: 44.991 seconds CPU System Time: 547.750 seconds CPU Utilization: 791.3% Database Size: 106.14 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.47x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 324835.65 ops/sec ITER: 2553232.99 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 324835.65 ops/sec Duration: 30.785 seconds Latency (avg): 23.74 μs Latency (stddev): 9.52 μs Latency (CV): 40.10% Latency (p50): 23.00 μs Latency (p95): 28.00 μs Latency (p99): 32.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 7692.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2553232.99 ops/sec Duration: 3.917 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 435.73 MB Peak VMS: 1423.63 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1585.96 MB CPU User Time: 135.418 seconds CPU System Time: 138.910 seconds CPU Utilization: 764.7% Database Size: 141.32 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.43x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1131645.96 ops/sec ITER: 7887673.22 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1131645.96 ops/sec Duration: 8.837 seconds Latency (avg): 70.00 μs Latency (stddev): 57.40 μs Latency (CV): 82.01% Latency (p50): 71.00 μs Latency (p95): 85.00 μs Latency (p99): 95.00 μs Latency (min): 14.00 μs Latency (max): 34820.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7887673.22 ops/sec Duration: 1.268 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 639.71 MB Peak VMS: 1730.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1389.02 MB CPU User Time: 30.154 seconds CPU System Time: 51.272 seconds CPU Utilization: 793.3% Database Size: 104.15 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.26x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1203208.43 ops/sec ITER: 2348577.24 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1203208.43 ops/sec Duration: 8.311 seconds Latency (avg): 66.25 μs Latency (stddev): 30.92 μs Latency (CV): 46.67% Latency (p50): 65.00 μs Latency (p95): 76.00 μs Latency (p99): 83.00 μs Latency (min): 19.00 μs Latency (max): 5787.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2348577.24 ops/sec Duration: 4.258 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 285.02 MB Peak VMS: 1359.51 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1470.57 MB CPU User Time: 51.747 seconds CPU System Time: 34.552 seconds CPU Utilization: 679.6% Database Size: 124.46 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2763114.08 ops/sec ITER: 3462127.96 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2763114.08 ops/sec Duration: 3.619 seconds Latency (avg): 263.01 μs Latency (stddev): 53.56 μs Latency (CV): 20.37% Latency (p50): 259.00 μs Latency (p95): 356.00 μs Latency (p99): 394.00 μs Latency (min): 92.00 μs Latency (max): 1368.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3462127.96 ops/sec Duration: 2.888 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2113.00 MB Peak VMS: 2965.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1227.00 MB CPU User Time: 28.871 seconds CPU System Time: 4.197 seconds CPU Utilization: 506.4% Database Size: 101.58 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1233428.12 ops/sec ITER: 2330525.36 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1233428.12 ops/sec Duration: 8.107 seconds Latency (avg): 648.14 μs Latency (stddev): 130.18 μs Latency (CV): 20.09% Latency (p50): 633.00 μs Latency (p95): 801.00 μs Latency (p99): 864.00 μs Latency (min): 148.00 μs Latency (max): 5875.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2330525.36 ops/sec Duration: 4.291 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 206.57 MB Peak VMS: 1295.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1469.40 MB CPU User Time: 50.317 seconds CPU System Time: 6.728 seconds CPU Utilization: 458.8% Database Size: 114.36 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2782066.02 ops/sec ITER: 3137628.96 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2782066.02 ops/sec Duration: 3.594 seconds Latency (avg): 2649.75 μs Latency (stddev): 582.82 μs Latency (CV): 22.00% Latency (p50): 2686.00 μs Latency (p95): 3631.00 μs Latency (p99): 4129.00 μs Latency (min): 985.00 μs Latency (max): 10031.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3137628.96 ops/sec Duration: 3.187 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2107.32 MB Peak VMS: 3020.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1220.35 MB CPU User Time: 32.013 seconds CPU System Time: 2.505 seconds CPU Utilization: 508.8% Database Size: 88.61 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 683421.01 ops/sec ITER: 2334524.80 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 683421.01 ops/sec Duration: 14.632 seconds Latency (avg): 11701.53 μs Latency (stddev): 803.41 μs Latency (CV): 6.87% Latency (p50): 11826.00 μs Latency (p95): 12743.00 μs Latency (p99): 13150.00 μs Latency (min): 3183.00 μs Latency (max): 21659.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2334524.80 ops/sec Duration: 4.284 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 337.63 MB Peak VMS: 1370.28 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1481.39 MB CPU User Time: 52.836 seconds CPU System Time: 3.650 seconds CPU Utilization: 298.6% Database Size: 131.20 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2089646.24 ops/sec ITER: 4086501.43 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2089646.24 ops/sec Duration: 4.785 seconds Latency (avg): 35991.61 μs Latency (stddev): 6456.86 μs Latency (CV): 17.94% Latency (p50): 36924.00 μs Latency (p95): 44667.00 μs Latency (p99): 48753.00 μs Latency (min): 12717.00 μs Latency (max): 56032.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4086501.43 ops/sec Duration: 2.447 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1505.25 MB Peak VMS: 2861.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1257.93 MB CPU User Time: 44.384 seconds CPU System Time: 2.027 seconds CPU Utilization: 641.6% Database Size: 74.95 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.14x Space Amplification: 0.07x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 449346.56 ops/sec ITER: 2694202.13 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 449346.56 ops/sec Duration: 22.255 seconds Latency (avg): 177430.85 μs Latency (stddev): 16020.84 μs Latency (CV): 9.03% Latency (p50): 178589.00 μs Latency (p95): 199338.00 μs Latency (p99): 205592.00 μs Latency (min): 18824.00 μs Latency (max): 211496.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2694202.13 ops/sec Duration: 3.712 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 358.46 MB Peak VMS: 1360.15 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1484.04 MB CPU User Time: 49.884 seconds CPU System Time: 2.852 seconds CPU Utilization: 203.1% Database Size: 120.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 10. Batch Size Impact on Deletes ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 138144.97 ops/sec ITER: 7557927.74 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 138144.97 ops/sec Duration: 36.194 seconds Latency (avg): 57.16 μs Latency (stddev): 11.90 μs Latency (CV): 20.83% Latency (p50): 58.00 μs Latency (p95): 65.00 μs Latency (p99): 69.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 7676.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7557927.74 ops/sec Duration: 0.662 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 521.04 MB Peak VMS: 1254.53 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 750.44 MB CPU User Time: 19.392 seconds CPU System Time: 274.109 seconds CPU Utilization: 782.9% Database Size: 54.20 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.36x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 143070.69 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 143070.69 ops/sec Duration: 34.948 seconds Latency (avg): 55.45 μs Latency (stddev): 7.68 μs Latency (CV): 13.85% Latency (p50): 56.00 μs Latency (p95): 63.00 μs Latency (p99): 67.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 1730.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 727.18 MB Peak VMS: 1384.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 185.98 MB CPU User Time: 17.431 seconds CPU System Time: 263.506 seconds CPU Utilization: 764.7% Database Size: 53.96 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.34x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 321143.58 ops/sec ITER: 2699458.97 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 321143.58 ops/sec Duration: 15.569 seconds Latency (avg): 24.11 μs Latency (stddev): 3.15 μs Latency (CV): 13.06% Latency (p50): 24.00 μs Latency (p95): 28.00 μs Latency (p99): 32.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 1244.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2699458.97 ops/sec Duration: 1.852 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 185.11 MB Peak VMS: 1295.63 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 713.27 MB CPU User Time: 62.617 seconds CPU System Time: 70.473 seconds CPU Utilization: 738.9% Database Size: 85.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 370200.96 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 370200.96 ops/sec Duration: 13.506 seconds Latency (avg): 21.06 μs Latency (stddev): 9.45 μs Latency (CV): 44.87% Latency (p50): 21.00 μs Latency (p95): 25.00 μs Latency (p99): 28.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 7231.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 130.57 MB Peak VMS: 1295.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 182.34 MB CPU User Time: 55.359 seconds CPU System Time: 59.532 seconds CPU Utilization: 736.9% Database Size: 67.03 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.33x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=100 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3029041.85 ops/sec ITER: 4422837.41 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3029041.85 ops/sec Duration: 1.651 seconds Latency (avg): 236.12 μs Latency (stddev): 49.09 μs Latency (CV): 20.79% Latency (p50): 230.00 μs Latency (p95): 321.00 μs Latency (p99): 360.00 μs Latency (min): 95.00 μs Latency (max): 1367.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4422837.41 ops/sec Duration: 1.130 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1045.45 MB Peak VMS: 1680.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 609.98 MB CPU User Time: 12.412 seconds CPU System Time: 2.048 seconds CPU Utilization: 518.4% Database Size: 51.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4071611.50 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 4071611.50 ops/sec Duration: 1.228 seconds Latency (avg): 182.04 μs Latency (stddev): 38.66 μs Latency (CV): 21.23% Latency (p50): 183.00 μs Latency (p95): 238.00 μs Latency (p99): 256.00 μs Latency (min): 84.00 μs Latency (max): 1012.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 727.19 MB Peak VMS: 1383.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 105.67 MB CPU User Time: 9.334 seconds CPU System Time: 1.203 seconds CPU Utilization: 394.6% Database Size: 52.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1247834.38 ops/sec ITER: 2187646.71 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1247834.38 ops/sec Duration: 4.007 seconds Latency (avg): 640.49 μs Latency (stddev): 173.85 μs Latency (CV): 27.14% Latency (p50): 631.00 μs Latency (p95): 795.00 μs Latency (p99): 860.00 μs Latency (min): 148.00 μs Latency (max): 7941.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2187646.71 ops/sec Duration: 2.286 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 214.47 MB Peak VMS: 1295.34 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 693.31 MB CPU User Time: 23.155 seconds CPU System Time: 3.258 seconds CPU Utilization: 418.2% Database Size: 78.57 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1595437.81 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1595437.81 ops/sec Duration: 3.134 seconds Latency (avg): 500.93 μs Latency (stddev): 59.68 μs Latency (CV): 11.91% Latency (p50): 498.00 μs Latency (p95): 598.00 μs Latency (p99): 637.00 μs Latency (min): 118.00 μs Latency (max): 1922.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 179.64 MB Peak VMS: 1296.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 159.39 MB CPU User Time: 19.331 seconds CPU System Time: 2.005 seconds CPU Utilization: 362.7% Database Size: 68.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.29x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2975889.34 ops/sec ITER: 4007023.51 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2975889.34 ops/sec Duration: 1.680 seconds Latency (avg): 2480.75 μs Latency (stddev): 522.13 μs Latency (CV): 21.05% Latency (p50): 2473.00 μs Latency (p95): 3344.00 μs Latency (p99): 3717.00 μs Latency (min): 993.00 μs Latency (max): 10158.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4007023.51 ops/sec Duration: 1.248 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1041.62 MB Peak VMS: 1679.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 601.68 MB CPU User Time: 13.912 seconds CPU System Time: 1.242 seconds CPU Utilization: 517.4% Database Size: 43.78 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3936725.79 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3936725.79 ops/sec Duration: 1.270 seconds Latency (avg): 1949.73 μs Latency (stddev): 351.35 μs Latency (CV): 18.02% Latency (p50): 1979.00 μs Latency (p95): 2408.00 μs Latency (p99): 2556.00 μs Latency (min): 963.00 μs Latency (max): 4943.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 728.62 MB Peak VMS: 1383.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 10.721 seconds CPU System Time: 0.514 seconds CPU Utilization: 405.1% Database Size: 46.99 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 683352.31 ops/sec ITER: 2313212.70 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 683352.31 ops/sec Duration: 7.317 seconds Latency (avg): 11698.05 μs Latency (stddev): 895.20 μs Latency (CV): 7.65% Latency (p50): 11748.00 μs Latency (p95): 12810.00 μs Latency (p99): 13159.00 μs Latency (min): 4109.00 μs Latency (max): 21670.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2313212.70 ops/sec Duration: 2.161 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 208.73 MB Peak VMS: 1295.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.46 MB CPU User Time: 23.268 seconds CPU System Time: 1.817 seconds CPU Utilization: 264.4% Database Size: 83.74 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1579923.10 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1579923.10 ops/sec Duration: 3.165 seconds Latency (avg): 5049.31 μs Latency (stddev): 667.45 μs Latency (CV): 13.22% Latency (p50): 5078.00 μs Latency (p95): 6309.00 μs Latency (p99): 6703.00 μs Latency (min): 1799.00 μs Latency (max): 11230.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 182.71 MB Peak VMS: 1296.12 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 156.63 MB CPU User Time: 19.099 seconds CPU System Time: 0.977 seconds CPU Utilization: 338.3% Database Size: 65.89 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 11. Seek Performance (Block Index Effectiveness) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3219575.02 ops/sec ITER: 4087512.00 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3219575.02 ops/sec Duration: 1.553 seconds Latency (avg): 2402.56 μs Latency (stddev): 993.58 μs Latency (CV): 41.36% Latency (p50): 2340.00 μs Latency (p95): 3035.00 μs Latency (p99): 4563.00 μs Latency (min): 968.00 μs Latency (max): 22963.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4087512.00 ops/sec Duration: 1.223 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1042.29 MB Peak VMS: 1688.36 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.29 MB CPU User Time: 13.905 seconds CPU System Time: 1.146 seconds CPU Utilization: 541.8% Database Size: 43.37 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 900762.95 ops/sec ITER: 9711302.40 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 900762.95 ops/sec Duration: 5.551 seconds Latency (avg): 7.20 μs Latency (stddev): 26.77 μs Latency (CV): 371.64% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 2876.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9711302.40 ops/sec Duration: 0.515 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3533.56 MB Peak VMS: 4074.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 34.707 seconds CPU System Time: 2.734 seconds CPU Utilization: 573.9% Database Size: 43.37 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 709469.43 ops/sec ITER: 2226184.83 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 709469.43 ops/sec Duration: 7.048 seconds Latency (avg): 11265.39 μs Latency (stddev): 829.35 μs Latency (CV): 7.36% Latency (p50): 11369.00 μs Latency (p95): 12508.00 μs Latency (p99): 12962.00 μs Latency (min): 2623.00 μs Latency (max): 14307.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2226184.83 ops/sec Duration: 2.246 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 182.54 MB Peak VMS: 1295.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.53 MB CPU User Time: 22.617 seconds CPU System Time: 1.711 seconds CPU Utilization: 261.6% Database Size: 83.11 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 403895.98 ops/sec ITER: 2704379.42 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 403895.98 ops/sec Duration: 12.379 seconds Latency (avg): 19.00 μs Latency (stddev): 7.19 μs Latency (CV): 37.86% Latency (p50): 18.00 μs Latency (p95): 29.00 μs Latency (p99): 36.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 666.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2704379.42 ops/sec Duration: 1.849 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 209.20 MB Peak VMS: 1304.02 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 85.736 seconds CPU System Time: 12.364 seconds CPU Utilization: 663.2% Database Size: 53.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 6453061.72 ops/sec ITER: 9942136.76 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 6453061.72 ops/sec Duration: 0.775 seconds Latency (avg): 1212.86 μs Latency (stddev): 250.94 μs Latency (CV): 20.69% Latency (p50): 1181.00 μs Latency (p95): 1479.00 μs Latency (p99): 2227.00 μs Latency (min): 763.00 μs Latency (max): 8997.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9942136.76 ops/sec Duration: 0.503 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1035.41 MB Peak VMS: 1701.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 614.27 MB CPU User Time: 6.180 seconds CPU System Time: 1.363 seconds CPU Utilization: 589.6% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2443778.43 ops/sec ITER: 9892038.29 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 2443778.43 ops/sec Duration: 2.046 seconds Latency (avg): 2.44 μs Latency (stddev): 4.58 μs Latency (CV): 187.50% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 1607.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9892038.29 ops/sec Duration: 0.505 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1015.07 MB Peak VMS: 1385.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 13.512 seconds CPU System Time: 0.967 seconds CPU Utilization: 481.8% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 743445.12 ops/sec ITER: 2770123.00 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 743445.12 ops/sec Duration: 6.725 seconds Latency (avg): 10753.31 μs Latency (stddev): 750.89 μs Latency (CV): 6.98% Latency (p50): 10770.00 μs Latency (p95): 11839.00 μs Latency (p99): 12313.00 μs Latency (min): 1964.00 μs Latency (max): 13508.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2770123.00 ops/sec Duration: 1.805 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 208.61 MB Peak VMS: 1295.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 763.72 MB CPU User Time: 21.303 seconds CPU System Time: 1.727 seconds CPU Utilization: 269.6% Database Size: 121.19 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1616745.87 ops/sec ITER: 2961511.60 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1616745.87 ops/sec Duration: 3.093 seconds Latency (avg): 4.14 μs Latency (stddev): 1.82 μs Latency (CV): 44.08% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 5.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 641.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2961511.60 ops/sec Duration: 1.688 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 170.36 MB Peak VMS: 1303.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 23.691 seconds CPU System Time: 0.441 seconds CPU Utilization: 461.0% Database Size: 91.70 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1318495.86 ops/sec ITER: 3755136.82 ops/sec (656642 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1318495.86 ops/sec Duration: 3.792 seconds Latency (avg): 5900.24 μs Latency (stddev): 2931.06 μs Latency (CV): 49.68% Latency (p50): 5835.00 μs Latency (p95): 8550.00 μs Latency (p99): 9310.00 μs Latency (min): 2047.00 μs Latency (max): 178602.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3755136.82 ops/sec Duration: 0.175 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 844.70 MB Peak VMS: 1376.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 20.353 seconds CPU System Time: 7.740 seconds CPU Utilization: 707.9% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1136974.50 ops/sec ITER: 10475265.21 ops/sec (656642 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1136974.50 ops/sec Duration: 4.398 seconds Latency (avg): 2.45 μs Latency (stddev): 5.03 μs Latency (CV): 205.21% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 4.00 μs Latency (p99): 5.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 521.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10475265.21 ops/sec Duration: 0.063 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 608.96 MB Peak VMS: 929.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 19.052 seconds CPU System Time: 12.967 seconds CPU Utilization: 645.8% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 575492.73 ops/sec ITER: 1088212.29 ops/sec (656747 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 575492.73 ops/sec Duration: 8.688 seconds Latency (avg): 13805.30 μs Latency (stddev): 2349.40 μs Latency (CV): 17.02% Latency (p50): 14065.00 μs Latency (p95): 15600.00 μs Latency (p99): 15922.00 μs Latency (min): 3921.00 μs Latency (max): 139176.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1088212.29 ops/sec Duration: 0.604 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 185.19 MB Peak VMS: 1295.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 680.37 MB CPU User Time: 24.785 seconds CPU System Time: 2.382 seconds CPU Utilization: 292.3% Database Size: 63.53 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 313826.78 ops/sec ITER: 1210218.77 ops/sec (656747 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 313826.78 ops/sec Duration: 15.932 seconds Latency (avg): 23.24 μs Latency (stddev): 12.47 μs Latency (CV): 53.65% Latency (p50): 23.00 μs Latency (p95): 42.00 μs Latency (p99): 51.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 688.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1210218.77 ops/sec Duration: 0.543 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 216.15 MB Peak VMS: 1297.12 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 100.665 seconds CPU System Time: 19.589 seconds CPU Utilization: 701.7% Database Size: 37.69 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 12. Range Query Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3775494.02 ops/sec ITER: 4177580.60 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3775494.02 ops/sec Duration: 0.265 seconds Latency (avg): 2038.57 μs Latency (stddev): 463.33 μs Latency (CV): 22.73% Latency (p50): 2033.00 μs Latency (p95): 2733.00 μs Latency (p99): 3139.00 μs Latency (min): 1152.00 μs Latency (max): 10037.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4177580.60 ops/sec Duration: 0.239 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 375.37 MB Peak VMS: 1091.72 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 120.34 MB CPU User Time: 2.277 seconds CPU System Time: 0.249 seconds CPU Utilization: 500.4% Database Size: 9.07 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 397825.80 ops/sec ITER: 9991706.88 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 397825.80 ops/sec Duration: 2.514 seconds Latency (avg): 18.19 μs Latency (stddev): 25.55 μs Latency (CV): 140.46% Latency (p50): 14.00 μs Latency (p95): 45.00 μs Latency (p99): 53.00 μs Latency (min): 7.00 μs Latency (max): 1881.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 9991706.88 ops/sec Duration: 0.100 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 843.86 MB Peak VMS: 1314.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 17.497 seconds CPU System Time: 1.077 seconds CPU Utilization: 674.8% Database Size: 9.07 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 681601.00 ops/sec ITER: 2237356.70 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 681601.00 ops/sec Duration: 1.467 seconds Latency (avg): 11696.75 μs Latency (stddev): 1084.94 μs Latency (CV): 9.28% Latency (p50): 11879.00 μs Latency (p95): 12797.00 μs Latency (p99): 13143.00 μs Latency (min): 3388.00 μs Latency (max): 13423.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2237356.70 ops/sec Duration: 0.447 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 106.00 MB Peak VMS: 1285.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 126.61 MB CPU User Time: 3.793 seconds CPU System Time: 0.442 seconds CPU Utilization: 220.6% Database Size: 20.38 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.14x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 183035.67 ops/sec ITER: 2518587.17 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 183035.67 ops/sec Duration: 5.463 seconds Latency (avg): 41.92 μs Latency (stddev): 13.55 μs Latency (CV): 32.34% Latency (p50): 39.00 μs Latency (p95): 50.00 μs Latency (p99): 57.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 691.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2518587.17 ops/sec Duration: 0.397 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 164.84 MB Peak VMS: 1294.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 41.758 seconds CPU System Time: 0.881 seconds CPU Utilization: 715.0% Database Size: 14.09 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (500K ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3434773.65 ops/sec ITER: 4071197.09 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3434773.65 ops/sec Duration: 0.146 seconds Latency (avg): 2090.26 μs Latency (stddev): 586.77 μs Latency (CV): 28.07% Latency (p50): 1871.00 μs Latency (p95): 3088.00 μs Latency (p99): 4590.00 μs Latency (min): 747.00 μs Latency (max): 5130.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4071197.09 ops/sec Duration: 0.123 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 267.53 MB Peak VMS: 864.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 0.972 seconds CPU System Time: 0.195 seconds CPU Utilization: 434.4% Database Size: 4.54 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 68864.68 ops/sec ITER: 10611881.06 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 68864.68 ops/sec Duration: 7.261 seconds Latency (avg): 106.18 μs Latency (stddev): 25.51 μs Latency (CV): 24.02% Latency (p50): 102.00 μs Latency (p95): 123.00 μs Latency (p99): 127.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 1409.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 10611881.06 ops/sec Duration: 0.047 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 503.72 MB Peak VMS: 865.57 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 51.137 seconds CPU System Time: 2.217 seconds CPU Utilization: 721.8% Database Size: 4.54 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 703923.95 ops/sec ITER: 2751864.39 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 703923.95 ops/sec Duration: 0.710 seconds Latency (avg): 11231.69 μs Latency (stddev): 1084.94 μs Latency (CV): 9.66% Latency (p50): 11624.00 μs Latency (p95): 12170.00 μs Latency (p99): 12361.00 μs Latency (min): 2949.00 μs Latency (max): 12538.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2751864.39 ops/sec Duration: 0.182 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 91.32 MB Peak VMS: 1304.12 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 62.77 MB CPU User Time: 1.933 seconds CPU System Time: 0.140 seconds CPU Utilization: 232.3% Database Size: 56.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.13x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 26516.09 ops/sec ITER: 3594898.12 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 26516.09 ops/sec Duration: 18.856 seconds Latency (avg): 299.08 μs Latency (stddev): 34.90 μs Latency (CV): 11.67% Latency (p50): 298.00 μs Latency (p95): 305.00 μs Latency (p99): 310.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 2158.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 3594898.12 ops/sec Duration: 0.139 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 77.22 MB Peak VMS: 1234.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 149.618 seconds CPU System Time: 0.265 seconds CPU Utilization: 785.1% Database Size: 7.48 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 5534126.19 ops/sec ITER: 7852930.32 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 5534126.19 ops/sec Duration: 0.181 seconds Latency (avg): 1345.05 μs Latency (stddev): 481.92 μs Latency (CV): 35.83% Latency (p50): 1197.00 μs Latency (p95): 2238.00 μs Latency (p99): 2843.00 μs Latency (min): 887.00 μs Latency (max): 8690.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7852930.32 ops/sec Duration: 0.127 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 374.96 MB Peak VMS: 1028.27 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 119.86 MB CPU User Time: 1.340 seconds CPU System Time: 0.260 seconds CPU Utilization: 518.8% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 643718.94 ops/sec ITER: 9882692.44 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 643718.94 ops/sec Duration: 1.553 seconds Latency (avg): 11.71 μs Latency (stddev): 9.75 μs Latency (CV): 83.31% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 37.00 μs Latency (p99): 39.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1124.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 9882692.44 ops/sec Duration: 0.101 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 336.88 MB Peak VMS: 866.69 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 11.837 seconds CPU System Time: 0.415 seconds CPU Utilization: 690.9% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 776802.80 ops/sec ITER: 2855299.15 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 776802.80 ops/sec Duration: 1.287 seconds Latency (avg): 10262.71 μs Latency (stddev): 834.56 μs Latency (CV): 8.13% Latency (p50): 10291.00 μs Latency (p95): 11510.00 μs Latency (p99): 11809.00 μs Latency (min): 1673.00 μs Latency (max): 12051.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2855299.15 ops/sec Duration: 0.350 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 106.22 MB Peak VMS: 1284.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 133.01 MB CPU User Time: 3.321 seconds CPU System Time: 0.298 seconds CPU Utilization: 220.3% Database Size: 27.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.20x Space Amplification: 0.25x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 238958.96 ops/sec ITER: 2658655.25 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 238958.96 ops/sec Duration: 4.185 seconds Latency (avg): 32.66 μs Latency (stddev): 4.26 μs Latency (CV): 13.04% Latency (p50): 32.00 μs Latency (p95): 34.00 μs Latency (p99): 43.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1599.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2658655.25 ops/sec Duration: 0.376 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 145.54 MB Peak VMS: 1296.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 33.356 seconds CPU System Time: 0.157 seconds CPU Utilization: 714.9% Database Size: 21.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ========================================== LARGE SCALE TESTS (6GB cache, 16 threads, 4x ops) ========================================== ### 13. Sequential Write Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (40M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_40M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 8626304.19 ops/sec ITER: 10112199.91 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 8626304.19 ops/sec Duration: 4.637 seconds Latency (avg): 1644.78 μs Latency (stddev): 396.35 μs Latency (CV): 24.10% Latency (p50): 1570.00 μs Latency (p95): 2353.00 μs Latency (p99): 2796.00 μs Latency (min): 840.00 μs Latency (max): 8536.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10112199.91 ops/sec Duration: 3.956 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8477.16 MB Peak VMS: 11056.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4792.93 MB CPU User Time: 55.817 seconds CPU System Time: 20.790 seconds CPU Utilization: 890.9% Database Size: 1531.54 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.35x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_40M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 772988.04 ops/sec ITER: 2392897.21 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 772988.04 ops/sec Duration: 51.747 seconds Latency (avg): 20694.71 μs Latency (stddev): 1326.24 μs Latency (CV): 6.41% Latency (p50): 20703.00 μs Latency (p95): 22803.00 μs Latency (p99): 23621.00 μs Latency (min): 2947.00 μs Latency (max): 27564.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2392897.21 ops/sec Duration: 16.716 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5027.95 MB Peak VMS: 7491.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 8003.70 MB CPU User Time: 223.609 seconds CPU System Time: 16.581 seconds CPU Utilization: 350.4% Database Size: 772.61 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.81x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 14. Random Write Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (40M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_40M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3007647.02 ops/sec ITER: 2984319.42 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3007647.02 ops/sec Duration: 13.299 seconds Latency (avg): 4587.46 μs Latency (stddev): 1976.51 μs Latency (CV): 43.08% Latency (p50): 4416.00 μs Latency (p95): 6472.00 μs Latency (p99): 7180.00 μs Latency (min): 1128.00 μs Latency (max): 186748.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2984319.42 ops/sec Duration: 13.403 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8464.62 MB Peak VMS: 10609.08 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4808.64 MB CPU User Time: 198.825 seconds CPU System Time: 12.194 seconds CPU Utilization: 789.9% Database Size: 497.54 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_40M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 678061.88 ops/sec ITER: 2055906.05 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 678061.88 ops/sec Duration: 58.992 seconds Latency (avg): 23591.41 μs Latency (stddev): 1740.32 μs Latency (CV): 7.38% Latency (p50): 23843.00 μs Latency (p95): 26049.00 μs Latency (p99): 26963.00 μs Latency (min): 2894.00 μs Latency (max): 34567.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2055906.05 ops/sec Duration: 19.456 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5094.70 MB Peak VMS: 7498.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6823.50 MB CPU User Time: 247.028 seconds CPU System Time: 15.456 seconds CPU Utilization: 334.2% Database Size: 473.28 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.54x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 15. Random Read Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (40M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_40M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3085652.39 ops/sec ITER: 2989858.40 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3085652.39 ops/sec Duration: 12.963 seconds Latency (avg): 4153.51 μs Latency (stddev): 1068.16 μs Latency (CV): 25.72% Latency (p50): 3901.00 μs Latency (p95): 6130.00 μs Latency (p99): 7166.00 μs Latency (min): 930.00 μs Latency (max): 22208.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2989858.40 ops/sec Duration: 13.379 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8471.91 MB Peak VMS: 10872.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4887.97 MB CPU User Time: 187.612 seconds CPU System Time: 13.374 seconds CPU Utilization: 762.7% Database Size: 495.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 1502567.46 ops/sec ITER: 10816938.46 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 1502567.46 ops/sec Duration: 26.621 seconds Latency (avg): 9.88 μs Latency (stddev): 39.55 μs Latency (CV): 400.25% Latency (p50): 8.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 3155.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10816938.46 ops/sec Duration: 3.698 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 27169.57 MB Peak VMS: 28048.08 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 201.514 seconds CPU System Time: 188.660 seconds CPU Utilization: 1120.5% Database Size: 495.43 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_40M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 676320.90 ops/sec ITER: 2014540.86 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 676320.90 ops/sec Duration: 59.144 seconds Latency (avg): 23651.98 μs Latency (stddev): 1729.06 μs Latency (CV): 7.31% Latency (p50): 23871.00 μs Latency (p95): 26119.00 μs Latency (p99): 26997.00 μs Latency (min): 3368.00 μs Latency (max): 28683.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2014540.86 ops/sec Duration: 19.856 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5149.83 MB Peak VMS: 7559.57 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6826.79 MB CPU User Time: 246.201 seconds CPU System Time: 15.328 seconds CPU Utilization: 330.7% Database Size: 479.83 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.54x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 2275304.57 ops/sec ITER: 3483236.14 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 2275304.57 ops/sec Duration: 17.580 seconds Latency (avg): 6.46 μs Latency (stddev): 15.49 μs Latency (CV): 240.00% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 6.00 μs Latency (p99): 94.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 724.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3483236.14 ops/sec Duration: 11.484 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5063.51 MB Peak VMS: 7309.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 222.212 seconds CPU System Time: 30.696 seconds CPU Utilization: 762.6% Database Size: 456.41 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 16. Mixed Workload (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (20M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3703032.36 ops/sec GET: Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 686854.70 ops/sec GET: 1470739.85 ops/sec ITER: 3234889.71 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 686854.70 ops/sec Duration: 29.118 seconds Latency (avg): 23283.86 μs Latency (stddev): 1708.25 μs Latency (CV): 7.34% Latency (p50): 23555.00 μs Latency (p95): 25652.00 μs Latency (p99): 26559.00 μs Latency (min): 2826.00 μs Latency (max): 29858.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1470739.85 ops/sec Duration: 13.599 seconds Latency (avg): 9.91 μs Latency (stddev): 14.89 μs Latency (CV): 150.20% Latency (p50): 7.00 μs Latency (p95): 19.00 μs Latency (p99): 86.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 6092.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3234889.71 ops/sec Duration: 6.183 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4460.12 MB Peak VMS: 6558.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3283.76 MB CPU User Time: 285.337 seconds CPU System Time: 36.240 seconds CPU Utilization: 629.4% Database Size: 210.67 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.48x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 17. Hot Key Workload (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (20M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1266344.71 ops/sec ITER: 1760914.19 ops/sec (2878054 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1266344.71 ops/sec Duration: 15.793 seconds Latency (avg): 12186.72 μs Latency (stddev): 23130.85 μs Latency (CV): 189.80% Latency (p50): 12337.00 μs Latency (p95): 13838.00 μs Latency (p99): 14620.00 μs Latency (min): 917.00 μs Latency (max): 1925046.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1760914.19 ops/sec Duration: 1.634 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 804.28 MB Peak VMS: 2382.59 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2731.69 MB CPU User Time: 101.046 seconds CPU System Time: 153.244 seconds CPU Utilization: 1456.2% Database Size: 87.72 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.04x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 574261.42 ops/sec ITER: 1181712.23 ops/sec (2861437 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 574261.42 ops/sec Duration: 34.827 seconds Latency (avg): 27785.83 μs Latency (stddev): 4147.84 μs Latency (CV): 14.93% Latency (p50): 28397.00 μs Latency (p95): 31238.00 μs Latency (p99): 32386.00 μs Latency (min): 2409.00 μs Latency (max): 446439.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1181712.23 ops/sec Duration: 2.421 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 871.95 MB Peak VMS: 3502.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3294.43 MB CPU User Time: 116.027 seconds CPU System Time: 9.472 seconds CPU Utilization: 336.7% Database Size: 107.09 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.05x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (20M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1269465.27 ops/sec GET: 1069035.08 ops/sec ITER: 3015680.55 ops/sec (2867680 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1269465.27 ops/sec Duration: 15.755 seconds Latency (avg): 12399.11 μs Latency (stddev): 10751.40 μs Latency (CV): 86.71% Latency (p50): 12446.00 μs Latency (p95): 13829.00 μs Latency (p99): 14697.00 μs Latency (min): 1635.00 μs Latency (max): 1084314.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1069035.08 ops/sec Duration: 18.708 seconds Latency (avg): 10.42 μs Latency (stddev): 221.64 μs Latency (CV): 2126.89% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 14.00 μs Latency (p99): 17.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 347946.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3015680.55 ops/sec Duration: 0.951 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8860.30 MB Peak VMS: 10465.12 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2710.40 MB CPU User Time: 300.738 seconds CPU System Time: 238.914 seconds CPU Utilization: 1425.8% Database Size: 83.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.04x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 570899.67 ops/sec GET: 1196258.03 ops/sec ITER: 2601241.11 ops/sec (2861321 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 570899.67 ops/sec Duration: 35.032 seconds Latency (avg): 27943.61 μs Latency (stddev): 4453.72 μs Latency (CV): 15.94% Latency (p50): 28608.00 μs Latency (p95): 31404.00 μs Latency (p99): 32276.00 μs Latency (min): 2506.00 μs Latency (max): 490051.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1196258.03 ops/sec Duration: 16.719 seconds Latency (avg): 6.53 μs Latency (stddev): 8.05 μs Latency (CV): 123.32% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 18.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 4124.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2601241.11 ops/sec Duration: 1.100 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1072.36 MB Peak VMS: 2910.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3285.65 MB CPU User Time: 264.843 seconds CPU System Time: 109.807 seconds CPU Utilization: 679.1% Database Size: 130.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.06x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 18. Delete Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (20M ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_20M_t16_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3377076.61 ops/sec ITER: 2985960.16 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3377076.61 ops/sec Duration: 5.922 seconds Latency (avg): 3793.66 μs Latency (stddev): 983.55 μs Latency (CV): 25.93% Latency (p50): 3694.00 μs Latency (p95): 5618.00 μs Latency (p99): 6628.00 μs Latency (min): 937.00 μs Latency (max): 11719.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2985960.16 ops/sec Duration: 6.698 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4227.34 MB Peak VMS: 5616.18 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2454.25 MB CPU User Time: 87.990 seconds CPU System Time: 6.596 seconds CPU Utilization: 749.2% Database Size: 193.35 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 5045210.13 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 5045210.13 ops/sec Duration: 3.964 seconds Latency (avg): 2412.56 μs Latency (stddev): 645.89 μs Latency (CV): 26.77% Latency (p50): 2337.00 μs Latency (p95): 3494.00 μs Latency (p99): 4676.00 μs Latency (min): 599.00 μs Latency (max): 9980.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2496.77 MB Peak VMS: 4814.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 622.03 MB CPU User Time: 68.590 seconds CPU System Time: 2.621 seconds CPU Utilization: 614.1% Database Size: 363.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_20M_t16_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 676546.98 ops/sec ITER: 2219647.18 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 676546.98 ops/sec Duration: 29.562 seconds Latency (avg): 23638.60 μs Latency (stddev): 1667.80 μs Latency (CV): 7.06% Latency (p50): 23850.00 μs Latency (p95): 26070.00 μs Latency (p99): 26872.00 μs Latency (min): 3700.00 μs Latency (max): 28126.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2219647.18 ops/sec Duration: 9.010 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2684.35 MB Peak VMS: 5274.02 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3196.46 MB CPU User Time: 117.283 seconds CPU System Time: 7.372 seconds CPU Utilization: 323.1% Database Size: 271.00 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.44x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_20M_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 2512215.33 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2512215.33 ops/sec Duration: 7.961 seconds Latency (avg): 6366.52 μs Latency (stddev): 3595.70 μs Latency (CV): 56.48% Latency (p50): 6202.00 μs Latency (p95): 7220.00 μs Latency (p99): 8161.00 μs Latency (min): 1502.00 μs Latency (max): 98234.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3177.16 MB Peak VMS: 5736.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1014.94 MB CPU User Time: 99.790 seconds CPU System Time: 4.767 seconds CPU Utilization: 511.4% Database Size: 383.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.46x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 19. Large Value Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (4M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_4M_k256_v4096_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 284529.42 ops/sec ITER: 797998.62 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 284529.42 ops/sec Duration: 14.058 seconds Latency (avg): 55268.51 μs Latency (stddev): 16177.69 μs Latency (CV): 29.27% Latency (p50): 57074.00 μs Latency (p95): 72715.00 μs Latency (p99): 84282.00 μs Latency (min): 19525.00 μs Latency (max): 206885.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 797998.62 ops/sec Duration: 5.013 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 15683.16 MB Peak VMS: 16926.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 17179.68 MB CPU User Time: 105.232 seconds CPU System Time: 131.956 seconds CPU Utilization: 1243.6% Database Size: 9601.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.03x Space Amplification: 0.58x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_4M_k256_v4096_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 75435.66 ops/sec ITER: 178880.36 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 75435.66 ops/sec Duration: 53.025 seconds Latency (avg): 211360.51 μs Latency (stddev): 55415.42 μs Latency (CV): 26.22% Latency (p50): 203788.00 μs Latency (p95): 225798.00 μs Latency (p99): 483810.00 μs Latency (min): 40701.00 μs Latency (max): 763277.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 178880.36 ops/sec Duration: 22.361 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8279.60 MB Peak VMS: 10256.37 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 23096.74 MB CPU User Time: 248.058 seconds CPU System Time: 57.291 seconds CPU Utilization: 404.0% Database Size: 1320.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.39x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 20. Small Value Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (200M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 200000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_200M_k16_v64_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3051116.69 ops/sec ITER: 3299963.12 ops/sec (200000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 200000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3051116.69 ops/sec Duration: 65.550 seconds Latency (avg): 4847.49 μs Latency (stddev): 1353.47 μs Latency (CV): 27.92% Latency (p50): 4626.00 μs Latency (p95): 7349.00 μs Latency (p99): 8111.00 μs Latency (min): 784.00 μs Latency (max): 20503.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3299963.12 ops/sec Duration: 60.607 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 28790.51 MB Peak VMS: 40145.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 17929.03 MB CPU User Time: 1109.906 seconds CPU System Time: 44.465 seconds CPU Utilization: 914.6% Database Size: 2227.54 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.17x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 200000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_200M_k16_v64_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 729887.35 ops/sec ITER: 2384692.71 ops/sec (200000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 200000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 729887.35 ops/sec Duration: 274.015 seconds Latency (avg): 21919.75 μs Latency (stddev): 1709.73 μs Latency (CV): 7.80% Latency (p50): 22130.00 μs Latency (p95): 24307.00 μs Latency (p99): 25252.00 μs Latency (min): 3494.00 μs Latency (max): 33425.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2384692.71 ops/sec Duration: 83.868 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 7503.04 MB Peak VMS: 9904.77 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 28762.09 MB CPU User Time: 1346.417 seconds CPU System Time: 61.821 seconds CPU Utilization: 393.2% Database Size: 1453.85 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.88x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 21. Batch Size Comparison (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 40M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 139878.72 ops/sec ITER: 6740900.84 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 139878.72 ops/sec Duration: 285.962 seconds Latency (avg): 113.60 μs Latency (stddev): 24.54 μs Latency (CV): 21.60% Latency (p50): 116.00 μs Latency (p95): 127.00 μs Latency (p99): 133.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 11664.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6740900.84 ops/sec Duration: 5.934 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 690.45 MB Peak VMS: 3421.34 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 8756.32 MB CPU User Time: 355.261 seconds CPU System Time: 4425.759 seconds CPU Utilization: 1607.6% Database Size: 485.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.98x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 453851.23 ops/sec ITER: 2249870.89 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 453851.23 ops/sec Duration: 88.135 seconds Latency (avg): 34.36 μs Latency (stddev): 11.22 μs Latency (CV): 32.66% Latency (p50): 34.00 μs Latency (p95): 39.00 μs Latency (p99): 44.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 9853.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2249870.89 ops/sec Duration: 17.779 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5342.43 MB Peak VMS: 7698.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6973.24 MB CPU User Time: 716.289 seconds CPU System Time: 854.423 seconds CPU Utilization: 1416.6% Database Size: 465.16 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.58x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (40M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3523881.96 ops/sec ITER: 4155414.15 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3523881.96 ops/sec Duration: 11.351 seconds Latency (avg): 406.52 μs Latency (stddev): 433.19 μs Latency (CV): 106.56% Latency (p50): 403.00 μs Latency (p95): 551.00 μs Latency (p99): 647.00 μs Latency (min): 92.00 μs Latency (max): 161137.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4155414.15 ops/sec Duration: 9.626 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8280.65 MB Peak VMS: 10980.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4981.19 MB CPU User Time: 162.159 seconds CPU System Time: 29.946 seconds CPU Utilization: 911.7% Database Size: 608.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.13x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 904352.68 ops/sec ITER: 2229986.91 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 904352.68 ops/sec Duration: 44.231 seconds Latency (avg): 1768.80 μs Latency (stddev): 4071.85 μs Latency (CV): 230.20% Latency (p50): 1017.00 μs Latency (p95): 1265.00 μs Latency (p99): 22734.00 μs Latency (min): 388.00 μs Latency (max): 36779.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2229986.91 ops/sec Duration: 17.937 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5011.28 MB Peak VMS: 7427.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6273.80 MB CPU User Time: 221.349 seconds CPU System Time: 22.044 seconds CPU Utilization: 390.8% Database Size: 468.14 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.42x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (40M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3163898.40 ops/sec ITER: 3037686.91 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3163898.40 ops/sec Duration: 12.643 seconds Latency (avg): 4083.78 μs Latency (stddev): 972.70 μs Latency (CV): 23.82% Latency (p50): 3981.00 μs Latency (p95): 5864.00 μs Latency (p99): 7013.00 μs Latency (min): 1138.00 μs Latency (max): 13315.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3037686.91 ops/sec Duration: 13.168 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 8472.80 MB Peak VMS: 10897.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4896.10 MB CPU User Time: 181.990 seconds CPU System Time: 13.913 seconds CPU Utilization: 758.8% Database Size: 495.67 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_40M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 675442.64 ops/sec ITER: 2073282.23 ops/sec (40000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 40000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 675442.64 ops/sec Duration: 59.220 seconds Latency (avg): 23682.59 μs Latency (stddev): 1689.37 μs Latency (CV): 7.13% Latency (p50): 23984.00 μs Latency (p95): 26015.00 μs Latency (p99): 26628.00 μs Latency (min): 3486.00 μs Latency (max): 31269.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2073282.23 ops/sec Duration: 19.293 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5157.70 MB Peak VMS: 7610.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6833.30 MB CPU User Time: 245.219 seconds CPU System Time: 16.048 seconds CPU Utilization: 332.4% Database Size: 488.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.54x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 22. Delete Batch Scaling (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 140961.91 ops/sec ITER: 8418280.80 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 140961.91 ops/sec Duration: 141.882 seconds Latency (avg): 112.56 μs Latency (stddev): 24.25 μs Latency (CV): 21.55% Latency (p50): 115.00 μs Latency (p95): 126.00 μs Latency (p99): 132.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 12367.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8418280.80 ops/sec Duration: 2.376 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 611.93 MB Peak VMS: 2873.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4029.82 MB CPU User Time: 150.285 seconds CPU System Time: 2190.431 seconds CPU Utilization: 1593.0% Database Size: 238.94 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.82x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 145188.35 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 145188.35 ops/sec Duration: 137.752 seconds Latency (avg): 109.64 μs Latency (stddev): 22.10 μs Latency (CV): 20.16% Latency (p50): 112.00 μs Latency (p95): 123.00 μs Latency (p99): 129.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 7783.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1574.24 MB Peak VMS: 3732.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1613.46 MB CPU User Time: 132.733 seconds CPU System Time: 2118.495 seconds CPU Utilization: 1573.6% Database Size: 387.10 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.73x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 464213.21 ops/sec ITER: 2221855.37 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 464213.21 ops/sec Duration: 43.084 seconds Latency (avg): 33.59 μs Latency (stddev): 12.41 μs Latency (CV): 36.93% Latency (p50): 33.00 μs Latency (p95): 39.00 μs Latency (p99): 43.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 9862.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2221855.37 ops/sec Duration: 9.001 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2811.24 MB Peak VMS: 5288.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3258.71 MB CPU User Time: 341.778 seconds CPU System Time: 418.121 seconds CPU Utilization: 1392.4% Database Size: 228.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.47x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 540863.30 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 540863.30 ops/sec Duration: 36.978 seconds Latency (avg): 29.02 μs Latency (stddev): 3.26 μs Latency (CV): 11.22% Latency (p50): 29.00 μs Latency (p95): 33.00 μs Latency (p99): 37.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 1595.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1708.84 MB Peak VMS: 4316.99 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 946.40 MB CPU User Time: 302.861 seconds CPU System Time: 348.195 seconds CPU Utilization: 1472.7% Database Size: 10.45 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.43x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3619716.89 ops/sec ITER: 3033553.53 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3619716.89 ops/sec Duration: 5.525 seconds Latency (avg): 3821.66 μs Latency (stddev): 1095.52 μs Latency (CV): 28.67% Latency (p50): 3641.00 μs Latency (p95): 5910.00 μs Latency (p99): 6826.00 μs Latency (min): 1012.00 μs Latency (max): 11073.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3033553.53 ops/sec Duration: 6.593 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4225.51 MB Peak VMS: 5485.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2449.17 MB CPU User Time: 87.713 seconds CPU System Time: 6.838 seconds CPU Utilization: 779.9% Database Size: 373.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 5495560.82 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 5495560.82 ops/sec Duration: 3.639 seconds Latency (avg): 2437.71 μs Latency (stddev): 603.13 μs Latency (CV): 24.74% Latency (p50): 2371.00 μs Latency (p95): 3402.00 μs Latency (p99): 4179.00 μs Latency (min): 580.00 μs Latency (max): 10494.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2853.18 MB Peak VMS: 5223.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 579.48 MB CPU User Time: 68.334 seconds CPU System Time: 2.940 seconds CPU Utilization: 635.0% Database Size: 358.51 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.26x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 669693.37 ops/sec ITER: 2157232.25 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 669693.37 ops/sec Duration: 29.864 seconds Latency (avg): 23881.85 μs Latency (stddev): 1661.64 μs Latency (CV): 6.96% Latency (p50): 24028.00 μs Latency (p95): 26225.00 μs Latency (p99): 27222.00 μs Latency (min): 5062.00 μs Latency (max): 31591.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2157232.25 ops/sec Duration: 9.271 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2655.27 MB Peak VMS: 5251.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3178.16 MB CPU User Time: 118.780 seconds CPU System Time: 7.756 seconds CPU Utilization: 323.1% Database Size: 232.35 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.44x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [16 threads started] .............................................................................................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 2381924.72 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2381924.72 ops/sec Duration: 8.397 seconds Latency (avg): 6715.03 μs Latency (stddev): 7336.52 μs Latency (CV): 109.26% Latency (p50): 6307.00 μs Latency (p95): 7554.00 μs Latency (p99): 8653.00 μs Latency (min): 1565.00 μs Latency (max): 170153.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3190.57 MB Peak VMS: 5709.97 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1013.60 MB CPU User Time: 100.923 seconds CPU System Time: 4.738 seconds CPU Utilization: 509.2% Database Size: 351.61 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.46x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 23. Seek Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3421476.85 ops/sec ITER: 3025350.62 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3421476.85 ops/sec Duration: 5.845 seconds Latency (avg): 3770.34 μs Latency (stddev): 910.52 μs Latency (CV): 24.15% Latency (p50): 3696.00 μs Latency (p95): 5509.00 μs Latency (p99): 6593.00 μs Latency (min): 934.00 μs Latency (max): 8261.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3025350.62 ops/sec Duration: 6.611 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4235.26 MB Peak VMS: 5552.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2449.77 MB CPU User Time: 87.195 seconds CPU System Time: 6.694 seconds CPU Utilization: 753.5% Database Size: 193.45 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 790354.17 ops/sec ITER: 10605809.12 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 790354.17 ops/sec Duration: 25.305 seconds Latency (avg): 16.50 μs Latency (stddev): 56.36 μs Latency (CV): 341.58% Latency (p50): 14.00 μs Latency (p95): 18.00 μs Latency (p99): 27.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 40366.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10605809.12 ops/sec Duration: 1.886 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 10763.07 MB Peak VMS: 12650.40 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 199.08 MB CPU User Time: 326.904 seconds CPU System Time: 21.092 seconds CPU Utilization: 1183.9% Database Size: 198.41 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 676275.60 ops/sec ITER: 2070624.66 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 676275.60 ops/sec Duration: 29.574 seconds Latency (avg): 23650.30 μs Latency (stddev): 1703.06 μs Latency (CV): 7.20% Latency (p50): 23861.00 μs Latency (p95): 25975.00 μs Latency (p99): 27682.00 μs Latency (min): 4182.00 μs Latency (max): 31540.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2070624.66 ops/sec Duration: 9.659 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2668.77 MB Peak VMS: 5252.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3197.11 MB CPU User Time: 117.475 seconds CPU System Time: 7.697 seconds CPU Utilization: 318.8% Database Size: 246.15 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.45x Space Amplification: 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 771638.28 ops/sec ITER: 2840164.76 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 771638.28 ops/sec Duration: 25.919 seconds Latency (avg): 19.39 μs Latency (stddev): 22.17 μs Latency (CV): 114.36% Latency (p50): 17.00 μs Latency (p95): 22.00 μs Latency (p99): 56.00 μs Latency (min): 7.00 μs Latency (max): 1385.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2840164.76 ops/sec Duration: 7.042 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4864.24 MB Peak VMS: 7227.91 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 174.93 MB CPU User Time: 386.299 seconds CPU System Time: 17.474 seconds CPU Utilization: 1148.3% Database Size: 175.23 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 8391306.77 ops/sec ITER: 11110012.45 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 8391306.77 ops/sec Duration: 2.383 seconds Latency (avg): 1628.45 μs Latency (stddev): 398.00 μs Latency (CV): 24.44% Latency (p50): 1553.00 μs Latency (p95): 2276.00 μs Latency (p99): 2750.00 μs Latency (min): 871.00 μs Latency (max): 8397.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 11110012.45 ops/sec Duration: 1.800 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4227.06 MB Peak VMS: 4932.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2375.61 MB CPU User Time: 25.973 seconds CPU System Time: 10.559 seconds CPU Utilization: 872.6% Database Size: 222.02 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.07x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 4309023.33 ops/sec ITER: 10189016.44 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 4309023.33 ops/sec Duration: 4.641 seconds Latency (avg): 2.57 μs Latency (stddev): 4.89 μs Latency (CV): 190.21% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 2897.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10189016.44 ops/sec Duration: 1.963 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3559.13 MB Peak VMS: 4473.34 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 57.458 seconds CPU System Time: 3.310 seconds CPU Utilization: 717.5% Database Size: 222.02 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 783090.91 ops/sec ITER: 2481558.61 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 783090.91 ops/sec Duration: 25.540 seconds Latency (avg): 20424.29 μs Latency (stddev): 1353.12 μs Latency (CV): 6.63% Latency (p50): 20496.00 μs Latency (p95): 22454.00 μs Latency (p99): 23698.00 μs Latency (min): 2884.00 μs Latency (max): 26155.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2481558.61 ops/sec Duration: 8.059 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2550.09 MB Peak VMS: 5114.30 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3617.98 MB CPU User Time: 100.795 seconds CPU System Time: 7.407 seconds CPU Utilization: 322.0% Database Size: 409.07 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.64x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1282754.25 ops/sec ITER: 2785190.25 ops/sec (20000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1282754.25 ops/sec Duration: 15.591 seconds Latency (avg): 10.42 μs Latency (stddev): 4.41 μs Latency (CV): 42.33% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 16.00 μs Latency (p99): 21.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 3781.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2785190.25 ops/sec Duration: 7.181 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4664.20 MB Peak VMS: 7198.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 349.26 MB CPU User Time: 232.752 seconds CPU System Time: 5.198 seconds CPU Utilization: 964.7% Database Size: 349.55 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (20M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1271379.11 ops/sec ITER: 1829977.72 ops/sec (2860623 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1271379.11 ops/sec Duration: 15.731 seconds Latency (avg): 12463.83 μs Latency (stddev): 4664.55 μs Latency (CV): 37.42% Latency (p50): 12528.00 μs Latency (p95): 13892.00 μs Latency (p99): 14654.00 μs Latency (min): 2820.00 μs Latency (max): 650539.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1829977.72 ops/sec Duration: 1.563 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 748.07 MB Peak VMS: 2402.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2698.45 MB CPU User Time: 95.102 seconds CPU System Time: 164.507 seconds CPU Utilization: 1500.7% Database Size: 83.75 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.22x Space Amplification: 0.04x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1202954.91 ops/sec ITER: 5896015.70 ops/sec (2860623 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1202954.91 ops/sec Duration: 16.626 seconds Latency (avg): 6.41 μs Latency (stddev): 19.15 μs Latency (CV): 298.88% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 9.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 2835.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5896015.70 ops/sec Duration: 0.485 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3546.87 MB Peak VMS: 4202.33 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 144.421 seconds CPU System Time: 102.875 seconds CPU Utilization: 1280.8% Database Size: 83.75 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_20M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 566474.09 ops/sec ITER: 1202878.03 ops/sec (2861464 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 566474.09 ops/sec Duration: 35.306 seconds Latency (avg): 28173.74 μs Latency (stddev): 4097.07 μs Latency (CV): 14.54% Latency (p50): 28749.00 μs Latency (p95): 31512.00 μs Latency (p99): 32367.00 μs Latency (min): 3584.00 μs Latency (max): 453156.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1202878.03 ops/sec Duration: 2.379 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 879.50 MB Peak VMS: 3498.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 3294.75 MB CPU User Time: 117.520 seconds CPU System Time: 10.153 seconds CPU Utilization: 338.6% Database Size: 111.09 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.49x Space Amplification: 0.05x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_20M_t16 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1114318.30 ops/sec ITER: 2736692.71 ops/sec (2861464 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 20000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1114318.30 ops/sec Duration: 17.948 seconds Latency (avg): 10.37 μs Latency (stddev): 6.87 μs Latency (CV): 66.30% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 13.00 μs Latency (p99): 14.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 626.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2736692.71 ops/sec Duration: 1.046 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 500.79 MB Peak VMS: 2951.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 226.592 seconds CPU System Time: 45.617 seconds CPU Utilization: 1283.0% Database Size: 91.82 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ### 24. Range Query Performance (Large Scale) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (4M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_4M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4335737.86 ops/sec ITER: 4726305.55 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4335737.86 ops/sec Duration: 0.923 seconds Latency (avg): 3277.71 μs Latency (stddev): 683.08 μs Latency (CV): 20.84% Latency (p50): 3282.00 μs Latency (p95): 4281.00 μs Latency (p99): 4976.00 μs Latency (min): 865.00 μs Latency (max): 10543.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4726305.55 ops/sec Duration: 0.846 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1012.18 MB Peak VMS: 1725.18 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 482.20 MB CPU User Time: 13.766 seconds CPU System Time: 1.606 seconds CPU Utilization: 868.5% Database Size: 34.66 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_4M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 626572.99 ops/sec ITER: 9328075.41 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 626572.99 ops/sec Duration: 6.384 seconds Latency (avg): 23.54 μs Latency (stddev): 37.67 μs Latency (CV): 160.05% Latency (p50): 19.00 μs Latency (p95): 53.00 μs Latency (p99): 60.00 μs Latency (min): 9.00 μs Latency (max): 3758.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 9328075.41 ops/sec Duration: 0.429 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2880.03 MB Peak VMS: 3558.55 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 90.051 seconds CPU System Time: 4.708 seconds CPU Utilization: 1303.6% Database Size: 34.66 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_4M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 674337.25 ops/sec ITER: 2080394.78 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 674337.25 ops/sec Duration: 5.932 seconds Latency (avg): 23676.10 μs Latency (stddev): 1785.51 μs Latency (CV): 7.54% Latency (p50): 23725.00 μs Latency (p95): 25976.00 μs Latency (p99): 26366.00 μs Latency (min): 2978.00 μs Latency (max): 34703.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2080394.78 ops/sec Duration: 1.923 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 604.48 MB Peak VMS: 3345.97 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 550.43 MB CPU User Time: 18.753 seconds CPU System Time: 1.431 seconds CPU Utilization: 256.9% Database Size: 73.36 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_4M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 278861.35 ops/sec ITER: 2833764.30 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 278861.35 ops/sec Duration: 14.344 seconds Latency (avg): 54.29 μs Latency (stddev): 28.87 μs Latency (CV): 53.17% Latency (p50): 52.00 μs Latency (p95): 57.00 μs Latency (p99): 81.00 μs Latency (min): 8.00 μs Latency (max): 1816.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2833764.30 ops/sec Duration: 1.412 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 976.21 MB Peak VMS: 3365.03 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 35.07 MB CPU User Time: 218.038 seconds CPU System Time: 2.800 seconds CPU Utilization: 1361.5% Database Size: 35.18 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (2M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 2000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_2M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 5038824.14 ops/sec ITER: 4881859.01 ops/sec (2000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 2000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 5038824.14 ops/sec Duration: 0.397 seconds Latency (avg): 2750.05 μs Latency (stddev): 603.68 μs Latency (CV): 21.95% Latency (p50): 2708.00 μs Latency (p95): 3604.00 μs Latency (p99): 4557.00 μs Latency (min): 1211.00 μs Latency (max): 10377.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4881859.01 ops/sec Duration: 0.410 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 590.27 MB Peak VMS: 1604.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 238.86 MB CPU User Time: 5.308 seconds CPU System Time: 0.990 seconds CPU Utilization: 780.2% Database Size: 17.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 2000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_2M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 111982.43 ops/sec ITER: 9772353.04 ops/sec (2000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 2000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 111982.43 ops/sec Duration: 17.860 seconds Latency (avg): 135.51 μs Latency (stddev): 55.16 μs Latency (CV): 40.70% Latency (p50): 141.00 μs Latency (p95): 184.00 μs Latency (p99): 194.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 3314.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 9772353.04 ops/sec Duration: 0.205 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1533.09 MB Peak VMS: 2147.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 259.758 seconds CPU System Time: 11.568 seconds CPU Utilization: 1482.9% Database Size: 17.65 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 2000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_2M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 681584.97 ops/sec ITER: 2057484.05 ops/sec (2000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 2000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 681584.97 ops/sec Duration: 2.934 seconds Latency (avg): 23379.40 μs Latency (stddev): 1987.89 μs Latency (CV): 8.50% Latency (p50): 23698.00 μs Latency (p95): 25633.00 μs Latency (p99): 26045.00 μs Latency (min): 3262.00 μs Latency (max): 30645.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2057484.05 ops/sec Duration: 0.972 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 278.62 MB Peak VMS: 3072.99 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 265.58 MB CPU User Time: 8.557 seconds CPU System Time: 0.575 seconds CPU Utilization: 233.6% Database Size: 39.59 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.20x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 2000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_2M_t16 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 42373.48 ops/sec ITER: 2870952.14 ops/sec (2000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 2000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 42373.48 ops/sec Duration: 47.199 seconds Latency (avg): 370.89 μs Latency (stddev): 69.90 μs Latency (CV): 18.85% Latency (p50): 368.00 μs Latency (p95): 378.00 μs Latency (p99): 385.00 μs Latency (min): 6.00 μs Latency (max): 4672.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 2870952.14 ops/sec Duration: 0.697 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 504.93 MB Peak VMS: 3137.57 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 18.17 MB CPU User Time: 741.385 seconds CPU System Time: 1.519 seconds CPU Utilization: 1542.5% Database Size: 18.25 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (4M ops, 16 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_4M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 8132345.80 ops/sec ITER: 12368010.14 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 8132345.80 ops/sec Duration: 0.492 seconds Latency (avg): 1726.85 μs Latency (stddev): 535.02 μs Latency (CV): 30.98% Latency (p50): 1622.00 μs Latency (p95): 2457.00 μs Latency (p99): 3471.00 μs Latency (min): 1009.00 μs Latency (max): 8948.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 12368010.14 ops/sec Duration: 0.323 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1015.16 MB Peak VMS: 1605.87 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 471.97 MB CPU User Time: 4.864 seconds CPU System Time: 2.557 seconds CPU Utilization: 909.1% Database Size: 44.25 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.07x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_4M_t16 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 1192633.94 ops/sec ITER: 9996601.16 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 1192633.94 ops/sec Duration: 3.354 seconds Latency (avg): 12.59 μs Latency (stddev): 10.51 μs Latency (CV): 83.48% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 40.00 μs Latency (p99): 42.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 2173.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 9996601.16 ops/sec Duration: 0.400 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 851.70 MB Peak VMS: 1382.28 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 50.230 seconds CPU System Time: 2.183 seconds CPU Utilization: 1277.2% Database Size: 44.25 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_4M_t16_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 779880.64 ops/sec ITER: 2412244.07 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 779880.64 ops/sec Duration: 5.129 seconds Latency (avg): 20477.81 μs Latency (stddev): 1311.85 μs Latency (CV): 6.41% Latency (p50): 20563.00 μs Latency (p95): 22278.00 μs Latency (p99): 23302.00 μs Latency (min): 2589.00 μs Latency (max): 24421.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2412244.07 ops/sec Duration: 1.658 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 576.51 MB Peak VMS: 3336.30 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 614.04 MB CPU User Time: 16.348 seconds CPU System Time: 1.460 seconds CPU Utilization: 262.3% Database Size: 101.50 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.39x Space Amplification: 0.23x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_4M_t16 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [16 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] [T8 done] [T9 done] [T10 done] [T11 done] [T12 done] [T13 done] [T14 done] [T15 done] 396479.70 ops/sec ITER: 2820128.67 ops/sec (4000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 4000000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 396479.70 ops/sec Duration: 10.089 seconds Latency (avg): 36.51 μs Latency (stddev): 4.33 μs Latency (CV): 11.85% Latency (p50): 36.00 μs Latency (p95): 43.00 μs Latency (p99): 54.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 846.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2820128.67 ops/sec Duration: 1.418 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 971.23 MB Peak VMS: 3358.07 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 69.70 MB CPU User Time: 150.778 seconds CPU System Time: 1.319 seconds CPU Utilization: 1276.9% Database Size: 69.80 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv ========================================== DURABILITY TESTS (sync enabled, 64MB cache) ========================================== ### 25. Synced Write Scaling ### Testing durable writes with sync enabled, scaling ops and threads *------------------------------------------* TEST: Synced Random Write (25K ops, 1 thread, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 25000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 1 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_25K_t1_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 588290.66 ops/sec ITER: 4448398.58 ops/sec (25000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 25000 Threads: 1 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 588290.66 ops/sec Duration: 0.042 seconds Latency (avg): 1692.64 μs Latency (stddev): 491.83 μs Latency (CV): 29.06% Latency (p50): 2013.00 μs Latency (p95): 2152.00 μs Latency (p99): 2295.00 μs Latency (min): 1018.00 μs Latency (max): 2295.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4448398.58 ops/sec Duration: 0.006 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 165.11 MB Peak VMS: 392.49 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2.86 MB CPU User Time: 0.036 seconds CPU System Time: 0.013 seconds CPU Utilization: 99.9% Database Size: 0.24 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.03x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 25000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 1 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_25K_t1_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 160940.41 ops/sec ITER: 2275002.28 ops/sec (25000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 25000 Threads: 1 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 160940.41 ops/sec Duration: 0.155 seconds Latency (avg): 6208.76 μs Latency (stddev): 432.98 μs Latency (CV): 6.97% Latency (p50): 6330.00 μs Latency (p95): 6788.00 μs Latency (p99): 6789.00 μs Latency (min): 5412.00 μs Latency (max): 6789.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2275002.28 ops/sec Duration: 0.011 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 20.56 MB Peak VMS: 2074.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 2.93 MB CPU User Time: 0.085 seconds CPU System Time: 0.004 seconds CPU Utilization: 53.8% Database Size: 2.88 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.06x Space Amplification: 1.04x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Synced Random Write (50K ops, 4 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 50000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 4 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_50K_t4_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1506387.08 ops/sec ITER: 5646527.39 ops/sec (50000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 50000 Threads: 4 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1506387.08 ops/sec Duration: 0.033 seconds Latency (avg): 2359.46 μs Latency (stddev): 745.55 μs Latency (CV): 31.60% Latency (p50): 2518.00 μs Latency (p95): 3685.00 μs Latency (p99): 3845.00 μs Latency (min): 606.00 μs Latency (max): 3845.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5646527.39 ops/sec Duration: 0.009 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 170.48 MB Peak VMS: 608.87 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5.72 MB CPU User Time: 0.114 seconds CPU System Time: 0.017 seconds CPU Utilization: 310.5% Database Size: 0.51 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.03x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 50000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 4 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_50K_t4_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 304974.75 ops/sec ITER: 3934219.84 ops/sec (50000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 50000 Threads: 4 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 304974.75 ops/sec Duration: 0.164 seconds Latency (avg): 12245.23 μs Latency (stddev): 1316.85 μs Latency (CV): 10.75% Latency (p50): 12429.00 μs Latency (p95): 13013.00 μs Latency (p99): 18174.00 μs Latency (min): 6619.00 μs Latency (max): 18174.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3934219.84 ops/sec Duration: 0.013 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 24.98 MB Peak VMS: 2149.40 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5.78 MB CPU User Time: 0.130 seconds CPU System Time: 0.050 seconds CPU Utilization: 101.8% Database Size: 5.72 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.05x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Synced Random Write (100K ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 100000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_100K_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2548809.71 ops/sec ITER: 5024620.64 ops/sec (100000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 100000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2548809.71 ops/sec Duration: 0.039 seconds Latency (avg): 2753.78 μs Latency (stddev): 787.14 μs Latency (CV): 28.58% Latency (p50): 2707.00 μs Latency (p95): 4738.00 μs Latency (p99): 4989.00 μs Latency (min): 896.00 μs Latency (max): 5094.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5024620.64 ops/sec Duration: 0.020 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 182.91 MB Peak VMS: 865.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 11.45 MB CPU User Time: 0.264 seconds CPU System Time: 0.036 seconds CPU Utilization: 507.3% Database Size: 0.99 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.03x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 100000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_100K_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 320807.92 ops/sec ITER: 2341262.41 ops/sec (100000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 100000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 320807.92 ops/sec Duration: 0.312 seconds Latency (avg): 23377.98 μs Latency (stddev): 3378.68 μs Latency (CV): 14.45% Latency (p50): 24381.00 μs Latency (p95): 25184.00 μs Latency (p99): 25459.00 μs Latency (min): 4344.00 μs Latency (max): 28602.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2341262.41 ops/sec Duration: 0.043 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 32.72 MB Peak VMS: 2413.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 11.55 MB CPU User Time: 0.328 seconds CPU System Time: 0.033 seconds CPU Utilization: 101.7% Database Size: 11.39 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Synced Random Write (500K ops, 16 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_500K_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4434983.15 ops/sec ITER: 4074879.99 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.5.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4434983.15 ops/sec Duration: 0.113 seconds Latency (avg): 2922.95 μs Latency (stddev): 1201.91 μs Latency (CV): 41.12% Latency (p50): 2573.00 μs Latency (p95): 4717.00 μs Latency (p99): 8205.00 μs Latency (min): 419.00 μs Latency (max): 8764.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4074879.99 ops/sec Duration: 0.123 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 269.76 MB Peak VMS: 1376.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 1.287 seconds CPU System Time: 0.281 seconds CPU Utilization: 665.0% Database Size: 4.64 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv Running RocksDB... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 16 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: sync_write_random_500K_t16_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Enabled (durable) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 304690.40 ops/sec ITER: 2730718.40 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 16 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 304690.40 ops/sec Duration: 1.641 seconds Latency (avg): 51081.89 μs Latency (stddev): 6594.71 μs Latency (CV): 12.91% Latency (p50): 52044.00 μs Latency (p95): 57741.00 μs Latency (p99): 62747.00 μs Latency (min): 7568.00 μs Latency (max): 65500.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2730718.40 ops/sec Duration: 0.183 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 27.56 MB Peak VMS: 2915.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 64.37 MB CPU User Time: 1.963 seconds CPU System Time: 0.237 seconds CPU Utilization: 120.1% Database Size: 10.18 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.16x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------* RUNNER Complete Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260216_061038.csv *------------------------------------------*