*------------------------------------------* RUNNER: TidesDB vs RocksDB Comparison Date: Sun Feb 15 10:35:52 AM CET 2026 Sync Mode: DISABLED (maximum performance) TidesDB B+tree: DISABLED (block-based klog) Parameters: Default Batch Size: 1000 Default Threads: 8 Environment: Hostname: xfs Kernel: 5.15.0-164-generic Filesystem: unknown CPU: AMD Ryzen Threadripper 2950X 16-Core Processor CPU Cores: 32 Memory: 125Gi Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* ### 1. Sequential Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2257306.79 ops/sec ITER: 6285058.84 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 804505.94 ops/sec ITER: 2842655.06 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2257306.79 ops/sec Duration: 4.430 seconds Latency (avg): 3476.57 μs Latency (stddev): 504.21 μs Latency (CV): 14.50% Latency (p50): 3467.00 μs Latency (p95): 4279.00 μs Latency (p99): 4953.00 μs Latency (min): 863.00 μs Latency (max): 7788.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6285058.84 ops/sec Duration: 1.591 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 855.19 MB Peak VMS: 2151.54 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1320.93 MB CPU User Time: 28.179 seconds CPU System Time: 15.156 seconds CPU Utilization: 719.2% Database Size: 110.58 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.19x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 804505.94 ops/sec Duration: 12.430 seconds Latency (avg): 9940.74 μs Latency (stddev): 893.55 μs Latency (CV): 8.99% Latency (p50): 9960.00 μs Latency (p95): 11311.00 μs Latency (p99): 12009.00 μs Latency (min): 1652.00 μs Latency (max): 12559.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2842655.06 ops/sec Duration: 3.518 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 423.85 MB Peak VMS: 1295.18 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1642.45 MB CPU User Time: 43.465 seconds CPU System Time: 2.748 seconds CPU Utilization: 289.3% Database Size: 198.61 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.48x Space Amplification: 0.18x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.81x faster (2257307 vs 804506 ops/sec) ITER: 2.21x faster (6285059 vs 2842655 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 3476.57 μs vs 9940.74 μs PUT p99: 4953.00 μs vs 12009.00 μs PUT max: 7788.00 μs vs 12559.00 μs PUT CV: 14.50% vs 8.99% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 855.19 MB vs 423.85 MB Peak VMS: 2151.54 MB vs 1295.18 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1320.93 MB vs 1642.45 MB CPU User Time: 28.179 s vs 43.465 s CPU System Time: 15.156 s vs 2.748 s CPU Utilization: 719.2% vs 289.3% Database Size: 110.58 MB vs 198.61 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.19x vs 1.48x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 2. Random Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1529447.45 ops/sec ITER: 6733467.15 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 692450.57 ops/sec ITER: 2406629.98 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1529447.45 ops/sec Duration: 6.538 seconds Latency (avg): 4741.08 μs Latency (stddev): 12970.44 μs Latency (CV): 273.58% Latency (p50): 4381.00 μs Latency (p95): 5173.00 μs Latency (p99): 5545.00 μs Latency (min): 961.00 μs Latency (max): 557602.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6733467.15 ops/sec Duration: 1.485 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 439.34 MB Peak VMS: 1437.45 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1306.24 MB CPU User Time: 38.951 seconds CPU System Time: 15.228 seconds CPU Utilization: 674.8% Database Size: 86.44 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.18x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 692450.57 ops/sec Duration: 14.441 seconds Latency (avg): 11548.19 μs Latency (stddev): 807.08 μs Latency (CV): 6.99% Latency (p50): 11625.00 μs Latency (p95): 12880.00 μs Latency (p99): 13662.00 μs Latency (min): 1847.00 μs Latency (max): 14361.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2406629.98 ops/sec Duration: 4.155 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 440.43 MB Peak VMS: 1360.31 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1479.87 MB CPU User Time: 52.798 seconds CPU System Time: 2.943 seconds CPU Utilization: 299.7% Database Size: 135.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.12x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.21x faster (1529447 vs 692451 ops/sec) ITER: 2.80x faster (6733467 vs 2406630 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 4741.08 μs vs 11548.19 μs PUT p99: 5545.00 μs vs 13662.00 μs PUT max: 557602.00 μs vs 14361.00 μs PUT CV: 273.58% vs 6.99% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 439.34 MB vs 440.43 MB Peak VMS: 1437.45 MB vs 1360.31 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1306.24 MB vs 1479.87 MB CPU User Time: 38.951 s vs 52.798 s CPU System Time: 15.228 s vs 2.943 s CPU Utilization: 674.8% vs 299.7% Database Size: 86.44 MB vs 135.17 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.18x vs 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 3. Random Read Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (10M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1749285.42 ops/sec ITER: 6564057.32 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1749285.42 ops/sec Duration: 5.717 seconds Latency (avg): 4466.61 μs Latency (stddev): 1154.69 μs Latency (CV): 25.85% Latency (p50): 4431.00 μs Latency (p95): 5388.00 μs Latency (p99): 6113.00 μs Latency (min): 968.00 μs Latency (max): 33041.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6564057.32 ops/sec Duration: 1.523 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 406.11 MB Peak VMS: 1574.23 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1310.30 MB CPU User Time: 39.944 seconds CPU System Time: 15.385 seconds CPU Utilization: 760.0% Database Size: 86.16 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.18x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 21577.15 ops/sec ITER: 9419486.47 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 21577.15 ops/sec Duration: 463.453 seconds Latency (avg): 266.28 μs Latency (stddev): 1521.85 μs Latency (CV): 571.53% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 5.00 μs Latency (p99): 9423.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 946646.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9419486.47 ops/sec Duration: 1.062 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 6899.91 MB Peak VMS: 7476.43 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 403.188 seconds CPU System Time: 2262.347 seconds CPU Utilization: 572.6% Database Size: 86.16 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 686717.87 ops/sec ITER: 2535819.08 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 686717.87 ops/sec Duration: 14.562 seconds Latency (avg): 11644.67 μs Latency (stddev): 788.22 μs Latency (CV): 6.77% Latency (p50): 11691.00 μs Latency (p95): 12810.00 μs Latency (p99): 13691.00 μs Latency (min): 2006.00 μs Latency (max): 17000.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2535819.08 ops/sec Duration: 3.943 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 362.59 MB Peak VMS: 1360.07 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1479.86 MB CPU User Time: 52.608 seconds CPU System Time: 3.473 seconds CPU Utilization: 303.0% Database Size: 129.42 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 740671.89 ops/sec ITER: 3385000.86 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 740671.89 ops/sec Duration: 13.501 seconds Latency (avg): 10.20 μs Latency (stddev): 5.18 μs Latency (CV): 50.77% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 19.00 μs Latency (p99): 25.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1595.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3385000.86 ops/sec Duration: 2.954 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 332.72 MB Peak VMS: 1377.05 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 85.93 MB CPU User Time: 97.372 seconds CPU System Time: 19.016 seconds CPU Utilization: 660.9% Database Size: 86.10 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 4. Mixed Workload (50/50 Read/Write, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1733435.72 ops/sec GET: 327310.60 ops/sec ITER: 5872356.12 ops/sec (5000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 712655.67 ops/sec GET: 998779.29 ops/sec ITER: 2743732.63 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1733435.72 ops/sec Duration: 2.884 seconds Latency (avg): 4478.64 μs Latency (stddev): 653.86 μs Latency (CV): 14.60% Latency (p50): 4509.00 μs Latency (p95): 5330.00 μs Latency (p99): 5737.00 μs Latency (min): 978.00 μs Latency (max): 12526.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 327310.60 ops/sec Duration: 15.276 seconds Latency (avg): 21.49 μs Latency (stddev): 348.44 μs Latency (CV): 1621.13% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 14.00 μs Latency (p99): 372.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 217645.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5872356.12 ops/sec Duration: 0.851 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 5409.11 MB Peak VMS: 6237.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 645.21 MB CPU User Time: 82.699 seconds CPU System Time: 53.287 seconds CPU Utilization: 694.5% Database Size: 43.29 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.17x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 712655.67 ops/sec Duration: 7.016 seconds Latency (avg): 11215.17 μs Latency (stddev): 916.36 μs Latency (CV): 8.17% Latency (p50): 11286.00 μs Latency (p95): 12523.00 μs Latency (p99): 12867.00 μs Latency (min): 2588.00 μs Latency (max): 13959.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 998779.29 ops/sec Duration: 5.006 seconds Latency (avg): 7.33 μs Latency (stddev): 4.54 μs Latency (CV): 61.94% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 15.00 μs Latency (p99): 22.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 610.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2743732.63 ops/sec Duration: 1.822 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2216.51 MB Peak VMS: 3022.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.61 MB CPU User Time: 57.386 seconds CPU System Time: 5.116 seconds CPU Utilization: 433.9% Database Size: 82.62 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.43x faster (1733436 vs 712656 ops/sec) GET: 3.05x slower (327311 vs 998779 ops/sec) ITER: 2.14x faster (5872356 vs 2743733 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 4478.64 μs vs 11215.17 μs PUT p99: 5737.00 μs vs 12867.00 μs PUT max: 12526.00 μs vs 13959.00 μs PUT CV: 14.60% vs 8.17% GET avg: 21.49 μs vs 7.33 μs GET p99: 372.00 μs vs 22.00 μs GET max: 217645.00 μs vs 610.00 μs GET CV: 1621.13% vs 61.94% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 5409.11 MB vs 2216.51 MB Peak VMS: 6237.00 MB vs 3022.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 645.21 MB vs 689.61 MB CPU User Time: 82.699 s vs 57.386 s CPU System Time: 53.287 s vs 5.116 s CPU Utilization: 694.5% vs 433.9% Database Size: 43.29 MB vs 82.62 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.17x vs 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 5. Hot Key Workload (Zipfian Distribution, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1280594.36 ops/sec ITER: 1243556.49 ops/sec (659749 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 565367.83 ops/sec ITER: 1093038.58 ops/sec (660180 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1280594.36 ops/sec Duration: 3.904 seconds Latency (avg): 6031.90 μs Latency (stddev): 5993.17 μs Latency (CV): 99.36% Latency (p50): 5617.00 μs Latency (p95): 8965.00 μs Latency (p99): 9707.00 μs Latency (min): 1000.00 μs Latency (max): 299299.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1243556.49 ops/sec Duration: 0.531 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 672.18 MB Peak VMS: 1508.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.43 MB CPU User Time: 21.298 seconds CPU System Time: 9.016 seconds CPU Utilization: 683.2% Database Size: 12.25 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 565367.83 ops/sec Duration: 8.844 seconds Latency (avg): 14137.53 μs Latency (stddev): 1209.64 μs Latency (CV): 8.56% Latency (p50): 14341.00 μs Latency (p95): 15709.00 μs Latency (p99): 16055.00 μs Latency (min): 7374.00 μs Latency (max): 18601.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 1093038.58 ops/sec Duration: 0.604 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 250.52 MB Peak VMS: 1295.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 682.44 MB CPU User Time: 25.589 seconds CPU System Time: 2.155 seconds CPU Utilization: 293.6% Database Size: 69.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.27x faster (1280594 vs 565368 ops/sec) ITER: 1.14x faster (1243556 vs 1093039 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 6031.90 μs vs 14137.53 μs PUT p99: 9707.00 μs vs 16055.00 μs PUT max: 299299.00 μs vs 18601.00 μs PUT CV: 99.36% vs 8.56% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 672.18 MB vs 250.52 MB Peak VMS: 1508.39 MB vs 1295.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.43 MB vs 682.44 MB CPU User Time: 21.298 s vs 25.589 s CPU System Time: 9.016 s vs 2.155 s CPU Utilization: 683.2% vs 293.6% Database Size: 12.25 MB vs 69.97 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.09x vs 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1277299.40 ops/sec GET: 995118.74 ops/sec ITER: 2668068.47 ops/sec (656641 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 580036.18 ops/sec GET: 902151.40 ops/sec ITER: 1248280.65 ops/sec (656864 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1277299.40 ops/sec Duration: 3.915 seconds Latency (avg): 6141.65 μs Latency (stddev): 3003.83 μs Latency (CV): 48.91% Latency (p50): 5693.00 μs Latency (p95): 9260.00 μs Latency (p99): 9810.00 μs Latency (min): 1636.00 μs Latency (max): 176680.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 995118.74 ops/sec Duration: 5.025 seconds Latency (avg): 5.48 μs Latency (stddev): 153.75 μs Latency (CV): 2805.70% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 9.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 153764.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2668068.47 ops/sec Duration: 0.246 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1375.64 MB Peak VMS: 1956.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.46 MB CPU User Time: 48.523 seconds CPU System Time: 19.425 seconds CPU Utilization: 695.5% Database Size: 12.28 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 580036.18 ops/sec Duration: 8.620 seconds Latency (avg): 13781.46 μs Latency (stddev): 1297.23 μs Latency (CV): 9.41% Latency (p50): 14095.00 μs Latency (p95): 15296.00 μs Latency (p99): 15696.00 μs Latency (min): 7411.00 μs Latency (max): 16697.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 902151.40 ops/sec Duration: 5.542 seconds Latency (avg): 6.51 μs Latency (stddev): 4.39 μs Latency (CV): 67.45% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 14.00 μs Latency (p99): 18.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 569.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 1248280.65 ops/sec Duration: 0.526 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 528.76 MB Peak VMS: 1486.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 682.82 MB CPU User Time: 59.582 seconds CPU System Time: 8.567 seconds CPU Utilization: 445.3% Database Size: 57.01 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.10x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.20x faster (1277299 vs 580036 ops/sec) GET: 1.10x faster (995119 vs 902151 ops/sec) ITER: 2.14x faster (2668068 vs 1248281 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 6141.65 μs vs 13781.46 μs PUT p99: 9810.00 μs vs 15696.00 μs PUT max: 176680.00 μs vs 16697.00 μs PUT CV: 48.91% vs 9.41% GET avg: 5.48 μs vs 6.51 μs GET p99: 9.00 μs vs 18.00 μs GET max: 153764.00 μs vs 569.00 μs GET CV: 2805.70% vs 67.45% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1375.64 MB vs 528.76 MB Peak VMS: 1956.81 MB vs 1486.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.46 MB vs 682.82 MB CPU User Time: 48.523 s vs 59.582 s CPU System Time: 19.425 s vs 8.567 s CPU Utilization: 695.5% vs 445.3% Database Size: 12.28 MB vs 57.01 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.09x vs 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 6. Delete Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1703671.55 ops/sec ITER: 7004881.00 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1703671.55 ops/sec Duration: 2.935 seconds Latency (avg): 4494.80 μs Latency (stddev): 578.94 μs Latency (CV): 12.88% Latency (p50): 4468.00 μs Latency (p95): 5327.00 μs Latency (p99): 5877.00 μs Latency (min): 1038.00 μs Latency (max): 16291.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7004881.00 ops/sec Duration: 0.714 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 266.81 MB Peak VMS: 1174.03 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 640.66 MB CPU User Time: 19.558 seconds CPU System Time: 7.376 seconds CPU Utilization: 733.3% Database Size: 43.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.16x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2097436.85 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2097436.85 ops/sec Duration: 2.384 seconds Latency (avg): 3583.89 μs Latency (stddev): 632.84 μs Latency (CV): 17.66% Latency (p50): 3620.00 μs Latency (p95): 4556.00 μs Latency (p99): 4810.00 μs Latency (min): 1492.00 μs Latency (max): 11706.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 732.71 MB Peak VMS: 1607.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 124.63 MB CPU User Time: 17.143 seconds CPU System Time: 3.975 seconds CPU Utilization: 557.6% Database Size: 81.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.23x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 690474.22 ops/sec ITER: 2254064.64 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 690474.22 ops/sec Duration: 7.241 seconds Latency (avg): 11577.78 μs Latency (stddev): 920.93 μs Latency (CV): 7.95% Latency (p50): 11746.00 μs Latency (p95): 12682.00 μs Latency (p99): 12971.00 μs Latency (min): 2424.00 μs Latency (max): 17453.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2254064.64 ops/sec Duration: 2.218 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 192.26 MB Peak VMS: 1295.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.29 MB CPU User Time: 23.008 seconds CPU System Time: 1.556 seconds CPU Utilization: 259.4% Database Size: 82.46 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1623996.17 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1623996.17 ops/sec Duration: 3.079 seconds Latency (avg): 4910.53 μs Latency (stddev): 442.31 μs Latency (CV): 9.01% Latency (p50): 4970.00 μs Latency (p95): 5437.00 μs Latency (p99): 5579.00 μs Latency (min): 2047.00 μs Latency (max): 7578.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 146.79 MB Peak VMS: 1296.13 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.60 MB CPU User Time: 18.945 seconds CPU System Time: 0.985 seconds CPU Utilization: 341.7% Database Size: 64.16 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 7. Large Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (1M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 233905.49 ops/sec ITER: 608730.91 ops/sec (1000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 79938.77 ops/sec ITER: 201740.09 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 233905.49 ops/sec Duration: 4.275 seconds Latency (avg): 32343.08 μs Latency (stddev): 9036.64 μs Latency (CV): 27.94% Latency (p50): 31052.00 μs Latency (p95): 42067.00 μs Latency (p99): 61085.00 μs Latency (min): 21544.00 μs Latency (max): 124110.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 608730.91 ops/sec Duration: 1.643 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3780.28 MB Peak VMS: 4731.13 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4490.56 MB CPU User Time: 24.029 seconds CPU System Time: 18.046 seconds CPU Utilization: 710.8% Database Size: 302.18 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 79938.77 ops/sec Duration: 12.510 seconds Latency (avg): 98709.63 μs Latency (stddev): 8975.42 μs Latency (CV): 9.09% Latency (p50): 101092.00 μs Latency (p95): 108171.00 μs Latency (p99): 112159.00 μs Latency (min): 27238.00 μs Latency (max): 118326.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 201740.09 ops/sec Duration: 4.957 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 868.41 MB Peak VMS: 1419.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5369.81 MB CPU User Time: 54.761 seconds CPU System Time: 11.120 seconds CPU Utilization: 377.2% Database Size: 346.13 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.08x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.93x faster (233905 vs 79939 ops/sec) ITER: 3.02x faster (608731 vs 201740 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 32343.08 μs vs 98709.63 μs PUT p99: 61085.00 μs vs 112159.00 μs PUT max: 124110.00 μs vs 118326.00 μs PUT CV: 27.94% vs 9.09% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 3780.28 MB vs 868.41 MB Peak VMS: 4731.13 MB vs 1419.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4490.56 MB vs 5369.81 MB CPU User Time: 24.029 s vs 54.761 s CPU System Time: 18.046 s vs 11.120 s CPU Utilization: 710.8% vs 377.2% Database Size: 302.18 MB vs 346.13 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.08x vs 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 8. Small Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (50M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1643373.76 ops/sec ITER: 6455024.49 ops/sec (50000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 756641.19 ops/sec ITER: 2421633.17 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1643373.76 ops/sec Duration: 30.425 seconds Latency (avg): 4615.52 μs Latency (stddev): 948.65 μs Latency (CV): 20.55% Latency (p50): 4505.00 μs Latency (p95): 6063.00 μs Latency (p99): 7129.00 μs Latency (min): 821.00 μs Latency (max): 36682.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6455024.49 ops/sec Duration: 7.746 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1591.96 MB Peak VMS: 4207.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4906.20 MB CPU User Time: 242.963 seconds CPU System Time: 55.946 seconds CPU Utilization: 781.8% Database Size: 546.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.14x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 756641.19 ops/sec Duration: 66.082 seconds Latency (avg): 10571.95 μs Latency (stddev): 822.58 μs Latency (CV): 7.78% Latency (p50): 10613.00 μs Latency (p95): 11800.00 μs Latency (p99): 12238.00 μs Latency (min): 1461.00 μs Latency (max): 20973.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2421633.17 ops/sec Duration: 20.647 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 850.53 MB Peak VMS: 1555.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6150.81 MB CPU User Time: 282.757 seconds CPU System Time: 12.504 seconds CPU Utilization: 340.2% Database Size: 424.41 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.61x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.17x faster (1643374 vs 756641 ops/sec) ITER: 2.67x faster (6455024 vs 2421633 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 4615.52 μs vs 10571.95 μs PUT p99: 7129.00 μs vs 12238.00 μs PUT max: 36682.00 μs vs 20973.00 μs PUT CV: 20.55% vs 7.78% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1591.96 MB vs 850.53 MB Peak VMS: 4207.64 MB vs 1555.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4906.20 MB vs 6150.81 MB CPU User Time: 242.963 s vs 282.757 s CPU System Time: 55.946 s vs 12.504 s CPU Utilization: 781.8% vs 340.2% Database Size: 546.23 MB vs 424.41 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.29x vs 1.61x Space Amplification: 0.14x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 9. Batch Size Comparison ### Testing impact of different batch sizes on write performance *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 139740.51 ops/sec ITER: 8971361.62 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 327742.40 ops/sec ITER: 2519853.93 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 139740.51 ops/sec Duration: 71.561 seconds Latency (avg): 56.51 μs Latency (stddev): 12.53 μs Latency (CV): 22.18% Latency (p50): 57.00 μs Latency (p95): 65.00 μs Latency (p99): 69.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 7706.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8971361.62 ops/sec Duration: 1.115 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 231.54 MB Peak VMS: 1326.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1576.62 MB CPU User Time: 54.667 seconds CPU System Time: 530.144 seconds CPU Utilization: 791.0% Database Size: 106.20 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.43x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 327742.40 ops/sec Duration: 30.512 seconds Latency (avg): 23.59 μs Latency (stddev): 2.56 μs Latency (CV): 10.84% Latency (p50): 23.00 μs Latency (p95): 27.00 μs Latency (p99): 31.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 320.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2519853.93 ops/sec Duration: 3.968 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 794.95 MB Peak VMS: 1424.14 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1585.16 MB CPU User Time: 129.020 seconds CPU System Time: 143.433 seconds CPU Utilization: 764.3% Database Size: 141.48 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.43x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.35x slower (139741 vs 327742 ops/sec) ITER: 3.56x faster (8971362 vs 2519854 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 56.51 μs vs 23.59 μs PUT p99: 69.00 μs vs 31.00 μs PUT max: 7706.00 μs vs 320.00 μs PUT CV: 22.18% vs 10.84% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 231.54 MB vs 794.95 MB Peak VMS: 1326.00 MB vs 1424.14 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1576.62 MB vs 1585.16 MB CPU User Time: 54.667 s vs 129.020 s CPU System Time: 530.144 s vs 143.433 s CPU Utilization: 791.0% vs 764.3% Database Size: 106.20 MB vs 141.48 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.43x vs 1.43x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1138708.60 ops/sec ITER: 6500513.54 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1235576.04 ops/sec ITER: 2299377.05 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1138708.60 ops/sec Duration: 8.782 seconds Latency (avg): 69.03 μs Latency (stddev): 87.43 μs Latency (CV): 126.66% Latency (p50): 69.00 μs Latency (p95): 91.00 μs Latency (p99): 104.00 μs Latency (min): 11.00 μs Latency (max): 32219.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6500513.54 ops/sec Duration: 1.538 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 482.88 MB Peak VMS: 1785.42 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1397.44 MB CPU User Time: 38.757 seconds CPU System Time: 42.552 seconds CPU Utilization: 776.4% Database Size: 105.33 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.26x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1235576.04 ops/sec Duration: 8.093 seconds Latency (avg): 64.54 μs Latency (stddev): 6.65 μs Latency (CV): 10.30% Latency (p50): 64.00 μs Latency (p95): 73.00 μs Latency (p99): 81.00 μs Latency (min): 22.00 μs Latency (max): 677.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2299377.05 ops/sec Duration: 4.349 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 599.50 MB Peak VMS: 1295.57 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1470.85 MB CPU User Time: 52.255 seconds CPU System Time: 32.607 seconds CPU Utilization: 673.4% Database Size: 146.89 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.09x slower (1138709 vs 1235576 ops/sec) ITER: 2.83x faster (6500514 vs 2299377 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 69.03 μs vs 64.54 μs PUT p99: 104.00 μs vs 81.00 μs PUT max: 32219.00 μs vs 677.00 μs PUT CV: 126.66% vs 10.30% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 482.88 MB vs 599.50 MB Peak VMS: 1785.42 MB vs 1295.57 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1397.44 MB vs 1470.85 MB CPU User Time: 38.757 s vs 52.255 s CPU System Time: 42.552 s vs 32.607 s CPU Utilization: 776.4% vs 673.4% Database Size: 105.33 MB vs 146.89 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.26x vs 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1496388.17 ops/sec ITER: 6609075.19 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1300849.90 ops/sec ITER: 2254003.67 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1496388.17 ops/sec Duration: 6.683 seconds Latency (avg): 519.29 μs Latency (stddev): 1979.73 μs Latency (CV): 381.24% Latency (p50): 445.00 μs Latency (p95): 527.00 μs Latency (p99): 588.00 μs Latency (min): 95.00 μs Latency (max): 56256.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6609075.19 ops/sec Duration: 1.513 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 458.75 MB Peak VMS: 1776.83 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1365.01 MB CPU User Time: 40.585 seconds CPU System Time: 16.486 seconds CPU Utilization: 695.3% Database Size: 101.37 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.09x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1300849.90 ops/sec Duration: 7.687 seconds Latency (avg): 614.34 μs Latency (stddev): 67.83 μs Latency (CV): 11.04% Latency (p50): 607.00 μs Latency (p95): 730.00 μs Latency (p99): 768.00 μs Latency (min): 155.00 μs Latency (max): 7372.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2254003.67 ops/sec Duration: 4.437 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 446.03 MB Peak VMS: 1359.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1461.96 MB CPU User Time: 50.678 seconds CPU System Time: 5.461 seconds CPU Utilization: 461.4% Database Size: 137.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.12x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.15x faster (1496388 vs 1300850 ops/sec) ITER: 2.93x faster (6609075 vs 2254004 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 519.29 μs vs 614.34 μs PUT p99: 588.00 μs vs 768.00 μs PUT max: 56256.00 μs vs 7372.00 μs PUT CV: 381.24% vs 11.04% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 458.75 MB vs 446.03 MB Peak VMS: 1776.83 MB vs 1359.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1365.01 MB vs 1461.96 MB CPU User Time: 40.585 s vs 50.678 s CPU System Time: 16.486 s vs 5.461 s CPU Utilization: 695.3% vs 461.4% Database Size: 101.37 MB vs 137.26 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.23x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.09x vs 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1490926.45 ops/sec ITER: 6452836.86 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 694929.06 ops/sec ITER: 2441335.92 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1490926.45 ops/sec Duration: 6.707 seconds Latency (avg): 4427.53 μs Latency (stddev): 6476.53 μs Latency (CV): 146.28% Latency (p50): 4316.00 μs Latency (p95): 5387.00 μs Latency (p99): 6120.00 μs Latency (min): 979.00 μs Latency (max): 555349.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6452836.86 ops/sec Duration: 1.550 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 440.50 MB Peak VMS: 1565.31 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1305.20 MB CPU User Time: 40.246 seconds CPU System Time: 13.542 seconds CPU Utilization: 651.0% Database Size: 86.51 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.18x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 694929.06 ops/sec Duration: 14.390 seconds Latency (avg): 11506.82 μs Latency (stddev): 785.98 μs Latency (CV): 6.83% Latency (p50): 11596.00 μs Latency (p95): 12602.00 μs Latency (p99): 13115.00 μs Latency (min): 2321.00 μs Latency (max): 21746.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2441335.92 ops/sec Duration: 4.096 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 424.39 MB Peak VMS: 1360.10 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1479.53 MB CPU User Time: 53.017 seconds CPU System Time: 3.087 seconds CPU Utilization: 303.4% Database Size: 132.24 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.12x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.15x faster (1490926 vs 694929 ops/sec) ITER: 2.64x faster (6452837 vs 2441336 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 4427.53 μs vs 11506.82 μs PUT p99: 6120.00 μs vs 13115.00 μs PUT max: 555349.00 μs vs 21746.00 μs PUT CV: 146.28% vs 6.83% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 440.50 MB vs 424.39 MB Peak VMS: 1565.31 MB vs 1360.10 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1305.20 MB vs 1479.53 MB CPU User Time: 40.246 s vs 53.017 s CPU System Time: 13.542 s vs 3.087 s CPU Utilization: 651.0% vs 303.4% Database Size: 86.51 MB vs 132.24 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.18x vs 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1589730.59 ops/sec ITER: 6015305.34 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 429537.51 ops/sec ITER: 2662463.52 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1589730.59 ops/sec Duration: 6.290 seconds Latency (avg): 48361.17 μs Latency (stddev): 8253.03 μs Latency (CV): 17.07% Latency (p50): 48911.00 μs Latency (p95): 59712.00 μs Latency (p99): 73734.00 μs Latency (min): 13851.00 μs Latency (max): 86049.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6015305.34 ops/sec Duration: 1.662 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 507.07 MB Peak VMS: 1846.23 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1282.69 MB CPU User Time: 47.043 seconds CPU System Time: 12.789 seconds CPU Utilization: 752.0% Database Size: 76.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.16x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 429537.51 ops/sec Duration: 23.281 seconds Latency (avg): 185620.80 μs Latency (stddev): 15211.73 μs Latency (CV): 8.20% Latency (p50): 188705.00 μs Latency (p95): 202937.00 μs Latency (p99): 206848.00 μs Latency (min): 16795.00 μs Latency (max): 210040.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2662463.52 ops/sec Duration: 3.756 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 451.41 MB Peak VMS: 1360.24 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1485.36 MB CPU User Time: 52.102 seconds CPU System Time: 2.573 seconds CPU Utilization: 202.2% Database Size: 120.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 3.70x faster (1589731 vs 429538 ops/sec) ITER: 2.26x faster (6015305 vs 2662464 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 48361.17 μs vs 185620.80 μs PUT p99: 73734.00 μs vs 206848.00 μs PUT max: 86049.00 μs vs 210040.00 μs PUT CV: 17.07% vs 8.20% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 507.07 MB vs 451.41 MB Peak VMS: 1846.23 MB vs 1360.24 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1282.69 MB vs 1485.36 MB CPU User Time: 47.043 s vs 52.102 s CPU System Time: 12.789 s vs 2.573 s CPU Utilization: 752.0% vs 202.2% Database Size: 76.31 MB vs 120.97 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.16x vs 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 10. Batch Size Impact on Deletes ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 139180.33 ops/sec ITER: 7449588.63 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 139180.33 ops/sec Duration: 35.925 seconds Latency (avg): 56.75 μs Latency (stddev): 12.47 μs Latency (CV): 21.97% Latency (p50): 57.00 μs Latency (p95): 65.00 μs Latency (p99): 70.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 7715.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7449588.63 ops/sec Duration: 0.671 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 381.49 MB Peak VMS: 1297.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 785.83 MB CPU User Time: 27.281 seconds CPU System Time: 266.637 seconds CPU Utilization: 789.5% Database Size: 53.43 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.42x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 145385.29 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 145385.29 ops/sec Duration: 34.391 seconds Latency (avg): 54.51 μs Latency (stddev): 8.79 μs Latency (CV): 16.13% Latency (p50): 55.00 μs Latency (p95): 63.00 μs Latency (p99): 67.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 7737.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 269.69 MB Peak VMS: 1096.17 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 224.49 MB CPU User Time: 24.677 seconds CPU System Time: 253.139 seconds CPU Utilization: 774.5% Database Size: 99.73 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.41x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 317804.03 ops/sec ITER: 2683399.63 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 317804.03 ops/sec Duration: 15.733 seconds Latency (avg): 24.31 μs Latency (stddev): 8.45 μs Latency (CV): 34.76% Latency (p50): 24.00 μs Latency (p95): 28.00 μs Latency (p99): 33.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 6391.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2683399.63 ops/sec Duration: 1.863 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 261.04 MB Peak VMS: 1295.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 716.75 MB CPU User Time: 62.368 seconds CPU System Time: 72.253 seconds CPU Utilization: 740.2% Database Size: 72.30 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 373051.00 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 373051.00 ops/sec Duration: 13.403 seconds Latency (avg): 20.88 μs Latency (stddev): 4.08 μs Latency (CV): 19.54% Latency (p50): 21.00 μs Latency (p95): 24.00 μs Latency (p99): 27.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 2584.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 170.19 MB Peak VMS: 1296.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 180.63 MB CPU User Time: 54.873 seconds CPU System Time: 59.044 seconds CPU Utilization: 735.7% Database Size: 69.92 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.33x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=100 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1740631.31 ops/sec ITER: 6271471.95 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1740631.31 ops/sec Duration: 2.873 seconds Latency (avg): 444.43 μs Latency (stddev): 132.65 μs Latency (CV): 29.85% Latency (p50): 443.00 μs Latency (p95): 536.00 μs Latency (p99): 641.00 μs Latency (min): 95.00 μs Latency (max): 8084.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6271471.95 ops/sec Duration: 0.797 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 347.76 MB Peak VMS: 1308.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 654.86 MB CPU User Time: 18.206 seconds CPU System Time: 8.563 seconds CPU Utilization: 722.5% Database Size: 50.55 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.18x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2032721.94 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2032721.94 ops/sec Duration: 2.460 seconds Latency (avg): 379.66 μs Latency (stddev): 83.53 μs Latency (CV): 22.00% Latency (p50): 382.00 μs Latency (p95): 460.00 μs Latency (p99): 490.00 μs Latency (min): 56.00 μs Latency (max): 8116.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 738.46 MB Peak VMS: 1607.45 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 141.88 MB CPU User Time: 17.934 seconds CPU System Time: 4.322 seconds CPU Utilization: 569.0% Database Size: 93.85 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.26x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1274922.50 ops/sec ITER: 2246630.62 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1274922.50 ops/sec Duration: 3.922 seconds Latency (avg): 626.96 μs Latency (stddev): 197.68 μs Latency (CV): 31.53% Latency (p50): 635.00 μs Latency (p95): 756.00 μs Latency (p99): 845.00 μs Latency (min): 153.00 μs Latency (max): 10528.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2246630.62 ops/sec Duration: 2.226 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 193.39 MB Peak VMS: 1295.34 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 693.73 MB CPU User Time: 23.062 seconds CPU System Time: 3.178 seconds CPU Utilization: 425.3% Database Size: 77.37 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1465557.92 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1465557.92 ops/sec Duration: 3.412 seconds Latency (avg): 545.35 μs Latency (stddev): 95.94 μs Latency (CV): 17.59% Latency (p50): 559.00 μs Latency (p95): 696.00 μs Latency (p99): 737.00 μs Latency (min): 113.00 μs Latency (max): 2000.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 172.21 MB Peak VMS: 1296.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 159.92 MB CPU User Time: 19.653 seconds CPU System Time: 2.550 seconds CPU Utilization: 357.8% Database Size: 67.10 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.29x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1712189.21 ops/sec ITER: 6253079.64 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1712189.21 ops/sec Duration: 2.920 seconds Latency (avg): 4516.11 μs Latency (stddev): 728.49 μs Latency (CV): 16.13% Latency (p50): 4468.00 μs Latency (p95): 5813.00 μs Latency (p99): 6413.00 μs Latency (min): 987.00 μs Latency (max): 8451.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6253079.64 ops/sec Duration: 0.800 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 325.41 MB Peak VMS: 1313.55 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 642.67 MB CPU User Time: 19.248 seconds CPU System Time: 7.992 seconds CPU Utilization: 727.6% Database Size: 43.24 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.16x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1998722.42 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1998722.42 ops/sec Duration: 2.502 seconds Latency (avg): 3840.44 μs Latency (stddev): 639.08 μs Latency (CV): 16.64% Latency (p50): 3835.00 μs Latency (p95): 4637.00 μs Latency (p99): 5247.00 μs Latency (min): 541.00 μs Latency (max): 10919.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 747.26 MB Peak VMS: 1614.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 125.17 MB CPU User Time: 18.470 seconds CPU System Time: 3.992 seconds CPU Utilization: 571.1% Database Size: 82.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.23x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 706161.93 ops/sec ITER: 2300937.82 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 706161.93 ops/sec Duration: 7.081 seconds Latency (avg): 11319.08 μs Latency (stddev): 975.93 μs Latency (CV): 8.62% Latency (p50): 11371.00 μs Latency (p95): 12669.00 μs Latency (p99): 13191.00 μs Latency (min): 2479.00 μs Latency (max): 20771.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2300937.82 ops/sec Duration: 2.173 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 200.37 MB Peak VMS: 1295.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.34 MB CPU User Time: 22.290 seconds CPU System Time: 1.552 seconds CPU Utilization: 257.4% Database Size: 83.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1567869.46 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1567869.46 ops/sec Duration: 3.189 seconds Latency (avg): 5095.86 μs Latency (stddev): 603.20 μs Latency (CV): 11.84% Latency (p50): 5086.00 μs Latency (p95): 5797.00 μs Latency (p99): 6463.00 μs Latency (min): 1435.00 μs Latency (max): 13624.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 125.57 MB Peak VMS: 1296.37 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.96 MB CPU User Time: 19.033 seconds CPU System Time: 0.819 seconds CPU Utilization: 334.3% Database Size: 64.37 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.29x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 11. Seek Performance (Block Index Effectiveness) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1768504.84 ops/sec ITER: 6842734.79 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1768504.84 ops/sec Duration: 2.827 seconds Latency (avg): 4304.17 μs Latency (stddev): 1118.60 μs Latency (CV): 25.99% Latency (p50): 4276.00 μs Latency (p95): 5273.00 μs Latency (p99): 5823.00 μs Latency (min): 967.00 μs Latency (max): 26072.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6842734.79 ops/sec Duration: 0.731 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 324.66 MB Peak VMS: 1313.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 643.08 MB CPU User Time: 17.702 seconds CPU System Time: 8.006 seconds CPU Utilization: 717.7% Database Size: 43.74 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.16x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2043381.81 ops/sec ITER: 11499381.33 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 2043381.81 ops/sec Duration: 2.447 seconds Latency (avg): 3.21 μs Latency (stddev): 15.76 μs Latency (CV): 490.57% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 4.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 1001.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 11499381.33 ops/sec Duration: 0.435 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3531.61 MB Peak VMS: 4070.90 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 14.688 seconds CPU System Time: 2.675 seconds CPU Utilization: 522.2% Database Size: 43.74 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 684789.11 ops/sec ITER: 2249108.57 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 684789.11 ops/sec Duration: 7.302 seconds Latency (avg): 11672.28 μs Latency (stddev): 931.13 μs Latency (CV): 7.98% Latency (p50): 11660.00 μs Latency (p95): 12961.00 μs Latency (p99): 13333.00 μs Latency (min): 2363.00 μs Latency (max): 21274.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2249108.57 ops/sec Duration: 2.223 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 197.59 MB Peak VMS: 1295.38 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 689.77 MB CPU User Time: 22.921 seconds CPU System Time: 1.759 seconds CPU Utilization: 258.9% Database Size: 82.85 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 461181.27 ops/sec ITER: 2645607.63 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 461181.27 ops/sec Duration: 10.842 seconds Latency (avg): 16.34 μs Latency (stddev): 8.39 μs Latency (CV): 51.33% Latency (p50): 16.00 μs Latency (p95): 27.00 μs Latency (p99): 35.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 1307.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2645607.63 ops/sec Duration: 1.890 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 223.86 MB Peak VMS: 1304.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 76.721 seconds CPU System Time: 8.486 seconds CPU Utilization: 639.6% Database Size: 52.98 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2316679.96 ops/sec ITER: 4633864.47 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2316679.96 ops/sec Duration: 2.158 seconds Latency (avg): 3401.87 μs Latency (stddev): 503.31 μs Latency (CV): 14.80% Latency (p50): 3428.00 μs Latency (p95): 3977.00 μs Latency (p99): 4746.00 μs Latency (min): 872.00 μs Latency (max): 11367.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4633864.47 ops/sec Duration: 1.079 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 743.78 MB Peak VMS: 1941.96 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 664.92 MB CPU User Time: 13.693 seconds CPU System Time: 7.726 seconds CPU Utilization: 661.1% Database Size: 55.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.20x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2771641.67 ops/sec ITER: 10098602.76 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 2771641.67 ops/sec Duration: 1.804 seconds Latency (avg): 2.41 μs Latency (stddev): 4.75 μs Latency (CV): 196.93% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 1632.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10098602.76 ops/sec Duration: 0.495 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1015.62 MB Peak VMS: 1384.31 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 13.543 seconds CPU System Time: 0.742 seconds CPU Utilization: 516.8% Database Size: 55.26 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 794754.11 ops/sec ITER: 2612212.83 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 794754.11 ops/sec Duration: 6.291 seconds Latency (avg): 10059.39 μs Latency (stddev): 872.87 μs Latency (CV): 8.68% Latency (p50): 10064.00 μs Latency (p95): 11432.00 μs Latency (p99): 12067.00 μs Latency (min): 1757.00 μs Latency (max): 13618.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2612212.83 ops/sec Duration: 1.914 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 209.09 MB Peak VMS: 1295.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 764.51 MB CPU User Time: 19.972 seconds CPU System Time: 1.682 seconds CPU Utilization: 263.5% Database Size: 120.02 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1616968.07 ops/sec ITER: 2858183.24 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1616968.07 ops/sec Duration: 3.092 seconds Latency (avg): 4.16 μs Latency (stddev): 1.71 μs Latency (CV): 41.21% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 5.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 710.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2858183.24 ops/sec Duration: 1.749 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 172.40 MB Peak VMS: 1303.72 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 23.701 seconds CPU System Time: 0.472 seconds CPU Utilization: 456.7% Database Size: 91.65 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1278029.42 ops/sec ITER: 1199494.74 ops/sec (656649 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1278029.42 ops/sec Duration: 3.912 seconds Latency (avg): 6168.83 μs Latency (stddev): 2915.78 μs Latency (CV): 47.27% Latency (p50): 5908.00 μs Latency (p95): 9010.00 μs Latency (p99): 9689.00 μs Latency (min): 1339.00 μs Latency (max): 173383.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1199494.74 ops/sec Duration: 0.547 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 693.04 MB Peak VMS: 1508.36 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.41 MB CPU User Time: 21.543 seconds CPU System Time: 9.462 seconds CPU Utilization: 694.9% Database Size: 12.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1147836.79 ops/sec ITER: 10399065.64 ops/sec (656649 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1147836.79 ops/sec Duration: 4.356 seconds Latency (avg): 2.42 μs Latency (stddev): 6.72 μs Latency (CV): 278.37% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 4.00 μs Latency (p99): 5.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 706.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10399065.64 ops/sec Duration: 0.063 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 609.95 MB Peak VMS: 931.21 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 17.935 seconds CPU System Time: 13.867 seconds CPU Utilization: 652.2% Database Size: 12.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 589790.47 ops/sec ITER: 1143821.52 ops/sec (656748 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 589790.47 ops/sec Duration: 8.478 seconds Latency (avg): 13476.32 μs Latency (stddev): 2445.44 μs Latency (CV): 18.15% Latency (p50): 13752.00 μs Latency (p95): 15851.00 μs Latency (p99): 16244.00 μs Latency (min): 3609.00 μs Latency (max): 134850.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1143821.52 ops/sec Duration: 0.574 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 151.34 MB Peak VMS: 1295.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 681.70 MB CPU User Time: 23.711 seconds CPU System Time: 2.757 seconds CPU Utilization: 292.4% Database Size: 53.07 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 325575.54 ops/sec ITER: 1244880.67 ops/sec (656748 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 325575.54 ops/sec Duration: 15.357 seconds Latency (avg): 22.39 μs Latency (stddev): 11.97 μs Latency (CV): 53.46% Latency (p50): 22.00 μs Latency (p95): 41.00 μs Latency (p99): 50.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 611.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1244880.67 ops/sec Duration: 0.528 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 230.65 MB Peak VMS: 1296.92 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 97.969 seconds CPU System Time: 17.820 seconds CPU Utilization: 699.8% Database Size: 36.23 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv ### 12. Range Query Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1768565.52 ops/sec ITER: 3723479.52 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1768565.52 ops/sec Duration: 0.565 seconds Latency (avg): 4380.40 μs Latency (stddev): 724.52 μs Latency (CV): 16.54% Latency (p50): 4326.00 μs Latency (p95): 5223.00 μs Latency (p99): 7677.00 μs Latency (min): 983.00 μs Latency (max): 12164.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3723479.52 ops/sec Duration: 0.269 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 375.34 MB Peak VMS: 1079.89 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 120.55 MB CPU User Time: 3.334 seconds CPU System Time: 1.618 seconds CPU Utilization: 593.4% Database Size: 8.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 378600.44 ops/sec ITER: 9860863.22 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 378600.44 ops/sec Duration: 2.641 seconds Latency (avg): 18.90 μs Latency (stddev): 32.63 μs Latency (CV): 172.63% Latency (p50): 14.00 μs Latency (p95): 46.00 μs Latency (p99): 54.00 μs Latency (min): 7.00 μs Latency (max): 1930.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 9860863.22 ops/sec Duration: 0.101 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 844.57 MB Peak VMS: 1250.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 17.907 seconds CPU System Time: 1.262 seconds CPU Utilization: 675.5% Database Size: 8.80 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 708888.04 ops/sec ITER: 2266052.72 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 708888.04 ops/sec Duration: 1.411 seconds Latency (avg): 11238.63 μs Latency (stddev): 1027.39 μs Latency (CV): 9.14% Latency (p50): 11518.00 μs Latency (p95): 12312.00 μs Latency (p99): 12534.00 μs Latency (min): 1869.00 μs Latency (max): 13555.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2266052.72 ops/sec Duration: 0.441 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 108.62 MB Peak VMS: 1285.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 126.64 MB CPU User Time: 3.735 seconds CPU System Time: 0.429 seconds CPU Utilization: 224.2% Database Size: 20.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.14x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 187032.23 ops/sec ITER: 2535259.12 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 187032.23 ops/sec Duration: 5.347 seconds Latency (avg): 42.04 μs Latency (stddev): 12.27 μs Latency (CV): 29.18% Latency (p50): 39.00 μs Latency (p95): 51.00 μs Latency (p99): 56.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 754.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2535259.12 ops/sec Duration: 0.394 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 155.68 MB Peak VMS: 1295.97 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 41.867 seconds CPU System Time: 0.964 seconds CPU Utilization: 727.2% Database Size: 14.08 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (500K ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1730373.24 ops/sec ITER: 3701291.01 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1730373.24 ops/sec Duration: 0.289 seconds Latency (avg): 4342.48 μs Latency (stddev): 833.08 μs Latency (CV): 19.18% Latency (p50): 4316.00 μs Latency (p95): 6182.00 μs Latency (p99): 7440.00 μs Latency (min): 1108.00 μs Latency (max): 10050.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3701291.01 ops/sec Duration: 0.135 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 266.10 MB Peak VMS: 864.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 1.493 seconds CPU System Time: 0.828 seconds CPU Utilization: 547.2% Database Size: 4.53 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 72570.82 ops/sec ITER: 11333242.67 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 72570.82 ops/sec Duration: 6.890 seconds Latency (avg): 101.45 μs Latency (stddev): 24.22 μs Latency (CV): 23.87% Latency (p50): 99.00 μs Latency (p95): 121.00 μs Latency (p99): 125.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1257.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 11333242.67 ops/sec Duration: 0.044 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 503.66 MB Peak VMS: 865.57 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 48.596 seconds CPU System Time: 2.411 seconds CPU Utilization: 725.9% Database Size: 4.53 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 718557.02 ops/sec ITER: 2558028.89 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 718557.02 ops/sec Duration: 0.696 seconds Latency (avg): 11009.78 μs Latency (stddev): 1130.21 μs Latency (CV): 10.27% Latency (p50): 11350.00 μs Latency (p95): 11960.00 μs Latency (p99): 12023.00 μs Latency (min): 2157.00 μs Latency (max): 12057.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2558028.89 ops/sec Duration: 0.195 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 25.43 MB Peak VMS: 1238.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 63.64 MB CPU User Time: 1.798 seconds CPU System Time: 0.168 seconds CPU Utilization: 218.7% Database Size: 10.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 25827.01 ops/sec ITER: 3566791.74 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 25827.01 ops/sec Duration: 19.360 seconds Latency (avg): 303.41 μs Latency (stddev): 33.17 μs Latency (CV): 10.93% Latency (p50): 302.00 μs Latency (p95): 312.00 μs Latency (p99): 317.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 2251.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 3566791.74 ops/sec Duration: 0.140 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 77.53 MB Peak VMS: 1233.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 151.851 seconds CPU System Time: 0.189 seconds CPU Utilization: 775.9% Database Size: 7.46 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2202696.54 ops/sec ITER: 3706105.81 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2202696.54 ops/sec Duration: 0.454 seconds Latency (avg): 3479.41 μs Latency (stddev): 759.85 μs Latency (CV): 21.84% Latency (p50): 3446.00 μs Latency (p95): 4823.00 μs Latency (p99): 6287.00 μs Latency (min): 1015.00 μs Latency (max): 10945.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3706105.81 ops/sec Duration: 0.270 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 376.08 MB Peak VMS: 1080.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 121.94 MB CPU User Time: 2.688 seconds CPU System Time: 1.349 seconds CPU Utilization: 557.4% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 618024.82 ops/sec ITER: 10280556.38 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.4.0) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 618024.82 ops/sec Duration: 1.618 seconds Latency (avg): 12.24 μs Latency (stddev): 9.95 μs Latency (CV): 81.31% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 38.00 μs Latency (p99): 40.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 1284.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 10280556.38 ops/sec Duration: 0.097 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 336.71 MB Peak VMS: 866.72 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 12.312 seconds CPU System Time: 0.478 seconds CPU Utilization: 696.5% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 804991.59 ops/sec ITER: 2826136.11 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 804991.59 ops/sec Duration: 1.242 seconds Latency (avg): 9907.14 μs Latency (stddev): 964.31 μs Latency (CV): 9.73% Latency (p50): 9977.00 μs Latency (p95): 10798.00 μs Latency (p99): 11163.00 μs Latency (min): 1770.00 μs Latency (max): 16940.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2826136.11 ops/sec Duration: 0.354 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 116.80 MB Peak VMS: 1283.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 132.97 MB CPU User Time: 3.261 seconds CPU System Time: 0.328 seconds CPU Utilization: 224.3% Database Size: 27.75 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.20x Space Amplification: 0.25x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 247749.44 ops/sec ITER: 2765471.43 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 247749.44 ops/sec Duration: 4.036 seconds Latency (avg): 31.42 μs Latency (stddev): 4.15 μs Latency (CV): 13.20% Latency (p50): 31.00 μs Latency (p95): 32.00 μs Latency (p99): 41.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 1441.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2765471.43 ops/sec Duration: 0.362 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 145.41 MB Peak VMS: 1295.97 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 32.025 seconds CPU System Time: 0.176 seconds CPU Utilization: 711.6% Database Size: 21.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------* RUNNER Complete Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260215_103552.csv *------------------------------------------*