*------------------------------------------* RUNNER: TidesDB vs RocksDB Comparison Date: Tue Feb 10 03:40:29 AM EST 2026 Sync Mode: DISABLED (maximum performance) TidesDB B+tree: DISABLED (block-based klog) Parameters: Default Batch Size: 1000 Default Threads: 8 Environment: Hostname: agpmastersystem Kernel: 6.2.0-39-generic Filesystem: unknown CPU: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-11700K @ 3.60GHz CPU Cores: 16 Memory: 46Gi Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* ### 1. Sequential Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 7637423.99 ops/sec ITER: 13490797.93 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2048775.19 ops/sec ITER: 5170203.09 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 7637423.99 ops/sec Duration: 1.309 seconds Latency (avg): 984.59 μs Latency (stddev): 280.53 μs Latency (CV): 28.49% Latency (p50): 897.00 μs Latency (p95): 1481.00 μs Latency (p99): 1748.00 μs Latency (min): 526.00 μs Latency (max): 5127.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 13490797.93 ops/sec Duration: 0.741 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2489.14 MB Peak VMS: 3097.33 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1215.10 MB CPU User Time: 10.798 seconds CPU System Time: 1.493 seconds CPU Utilization: 599.1% Database Size: 125.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.11x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 2048775.19 ops/sec Duration: 4.881 seconds Latency (avg): 3903.80 μs Latency (stddev): 18994.06 μs Latency (CV): 486.55% Latency (p50): 2854.00 μs Latency (p95): 3450.00 μs Latency (p99): 4580.00 μs Latency (min): 2027.00 μs Latency (max): 467143.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 5170203.09 ops/sec Duration: 1.934 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2753.45 MB Peak VMS: 3341.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.52 MB Disk Writes: 1566.93 MB CPU User Time: 15.801 seconds CPU System Time: 1.296 seconds CPU Utilization: 250.8% Database Size: 207.36 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.42x Space Amplification: 0.19x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 3.73x faster (7637424 vs 2048775 ops/sec) ITER: 2.61x faster (13490798 vs 5170203 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 984.59 μs vs 3903.80 μs PUT p99: 1748.00 μs vs 4580.00 μs PUT max: 5127.00 μs vs 467143.00 μs PUT CV: 28.49% vs 486.55% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2489.14 MB vs 2753.45 MB Peak VMS: 3097.33 MB vs 3341.70 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.52 MB Disk Writes: 1215.10 MB vs 1566.93 MB CPU User Time: 10.798 s vs 15.801 s CPU System Time: 1.493 s vs 1.296 s CPU Utilization: 599.1% vs 250.8% Database Size: 125.26 MB vs 207.36 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.10x vs 1.42x Space Amplification: 0.11x vs 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 2. Random Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2456777.30 ops/sec ITER: 3746772.16 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1644049.48 ops/sec ITER: 4025220.42 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2456777.30 ops/sec Duration: 4.070 seconds Latency (avg): 2993.20 μs Latency (stddev): 998.04 μs Latency (CV): 33.34% Latency (p50): 2813.00 μs Latency (p95): 4794.00 μs Latency (p99): 5624.00 μs Latency (min): 780.00 μs Latency (max): 9708.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3746772.16 ops/sec Duration: 2.669 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2487.43 MB Peak VMS: 3008.90 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1221.51 MB CPU User Time: 35.565 seconds CPU System Time: 1.772 seconds CPU Utilization: 553.9% Database Size: 90.12 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1644049.48 ops/sec Duration: 6.083 seconds Latency (avg): 4864.30 μs Latency (stddev): 16114.09 μs Latency (CV): 331.27% Latency (p50): 3928.00 μs Latency (p95): 5320.00 μs Latency (p99): 6617.00 μs Latency (min): 2354.00 μs Latency (max): 455378.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4025220.42 ops/sec Duration: 2.484 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2794.12 MB Peak VMS: 3533.96 MB Disk Reads: 0.04 MB Disk Writes: 1462.05 MB CPU User Time: 24.837 seconds CPU System Time: 1.263 seconds CPU Utilization: 304.3% Database Size: 117.27 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.49x faster (2456777 vs 1644049 ops/sec) ITER: 1.07x slower (3746772 vs 4025220 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2993.20 μs vs 4864.30 μs PUT p99: 5624.00 μs vs 6617.00 μs PUT max: 9708.00 μs vs 455378.00 μs PUT CV: 33.34% vs 331.27% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2487.43 MB vs 2794.12 MB Peak VMS: 3008.90 MB vs 3533.96 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.04 MB Disk Writes: 1221.51 MB vs 1462.05 MB CPU User Time: 35.565 s vs 24.837 s CPU System Time: 1.772 s vs 1.263 s CPU Utilization: 553.9% vs 304.3% Database Size: 90.12 MB vs 117.27 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.10x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 3. Random Read Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (10M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2696602.55 ops/sec ITER: 4520158.10 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2696602.55 ops/sec Duration: 3.708 seconds Latency (avg): 2682.29 μs Latency (stddev): 832.52 μs Latency (CV): 31.04% Latency (p50): 2475.00 μs Latency (p95): 4370.00 μs Latency (p99): 4840.00 μs Latency (min): 660.00 μs Latency (max): 5499.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4520158.10 ops/sec Duration: 2.212 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2486.64 MB Peak VMS: 2961.04 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1211.07 MB CPU User Time: 31.217 seconds CPU System Time: 1.692 seconds CPU Utilization: 555.7% Database Size: 90.50 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 2909303.34 ops/sec ITER: 16408425.40 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 2909303.34 ops/sec Duration: 3.437 seconds Latency (avg): 2.32 μs Latency (stddev): 4.33 μs Latency (CV): 186.47% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 4.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 3997.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 16408425.40 ops/sec Duration: 0.609 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1707.31 MB Peak VMS: 2081.27 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 21.947 seconds CPU System Time: 3.534 seconds CPU Utilization: 541.4% Database Size: 90.50 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1773030.15 ops/sec ITER: 4154390.44 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1773030.15 ops/sec Duration: 5.640 seconds Latency (avg): 4510.54 μs Latency (stddev): 18335.71 μs Latency (CV): 406.51% Latency (p50): 4016.00 μs Latency (p95): 4952.00 μs Latency (p99): 5755.00 μs Latency (min): 915.00 μs Latency (max): 652806.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4154390.44 ops/sec Duration: 2.407 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 307.27 MB Peak VMS: 1357.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 1451.45 MB CPU User Time: 21.164 seconds CPU System Time: 1.595 seconds CPU Utilization: 282.8% Database Size: 139.69 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.31x Space Amplification: 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 1275987.89 ops/sec ITER: 6029366.63 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 1275987.89 ops/sec Duration: 7.837 seconds Latency (avg): 5.12 μs Latency (stddev): 2.92 μs Latency (CV): 57.15% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 15.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 1511.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6029366.63 ops/sec Duration: 1.659 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 356.57 MB Peak VMS: 1375.59 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 85.93 MB CPU User Time: 54.814 seconds CPU System Time: 5.031 seconds CPU Utilization: 584.8% Database Size: 86.11 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 4. Mixed Workload (50/50 Read/Write, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3017155.55 ops/sec GET: 1336933.07 ops/sec ITER: 4604640.93 ops/sec (5000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1935369.50 ops/sec GET: 1346115.69 ops/sec ITER: 4758084.70 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3017155.55 ops/sec Duration: 1.657 seconds Latency (avg): 2465.82 μs Latency (stddev): 844.38 μs Latency (CV): 34.24% Latency (p50): 2348.00 μs Latency (p95): 4118.00 μs Latency (p99): 4968.00 μs Latency (min): 765.00 μs Latency (max): 6382.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1336933.07 ops/sec Duration: 3.740 seconds Latency (avg): 4.83 μs Latency (stddev): 68.19 μs Latency (CV): 1410.97% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 13.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 75110.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4604640.93 ops/sec Duration: 1.086 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1682.24 MB Peak VMS: 2188.37 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.30 MB CPU User Time: 37.991 seconds CPU System Time: 2.443 seconds CPU Utilization: 591.9% Database Size: 43.98 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1935369.50 ops/sec Duration: 2.583 seconds Latency (avg): 4129.40 μs Latency (stddev): 962.76 μs Latency (CV): 23.31% Latency (p50): 4013.00 μs Latency (p95): 5977.00 μs Latency (p99): 7327.00 μs Latency (min): 965.00 μs Latency (max): 14608.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1346115.69 ops/sec Duration: 3.714 seconds Latency (avg): 4.95 μs Latency (stddev): 2.92 μs Latency (CV): 58.97% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 14.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 438.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4758084.70 ops/sec Duration: 1.051 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 707.21 MB Peak VMS: 1292.92 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.89 MB CPU User Time: 34.475 seconds CPU System Time: 2.444 seconds CPU Utilization: 479.6% Database Size: 78.02 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.56x faster (3017156 vs 1935369 ops/sec) GET: 1.01x slower (1336933 vs 1346116 ops/sec) ITER: 1.03x slower (4604641 vs 4758085 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2465.82 μs vs 4129.40 μs PUT p99: 4968.00 μs vs 7327.00 μs PUT max: 6382.00 μs vs 14608.00 μs PUT CV: 34.24% vs 23.31% GET avg: 4.83 μs vs 4.95 μs GET p99: 13.00 μs vs 14.00 μs GET max: 75110.00 μs vs 438.00 μs GET CV: 1410.97% vs 58.97% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1682.24 MB vs 707.21 MB Peak VMS: 2188.37 MB vs 1292.92 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.30 MB vs 690.89 MB CPU User Time: 37.991 s vs 34.475 s CPU System Time: 2.443 s vs 2.444 s CPU Utilization: 591.9% vs 479.6% Database Size: 43.98 MB vs 78.02 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.09x vs 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 5. Hot Key Workload (Zipfian Distribution, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2599989.08 ops/sec ITER: 5383154.38 ops/sec (663786 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1521969.48 ops/sec ITER: 982775.05 ops/sec (664295 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2599989.08 ops/sec Duration: 1.923 seconds Latency (avg): 2811.35 μs Latency (stddev): 4301.52 μs Latency (CV): 153.01% Latency (p50): 2701.00 μs Latency (p95): 3695.00 μs Latency (p99): 4035.00 μs Latency (min): 1231.00 μs Latency (max): 193948.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5383154.38 ops/sec Duration: 0.123 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 806.53 MB Peak VMS: 1109.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 12.384 seconds CPU System Time: 1.596 seconds CPU Utilization: 683.0% Database Size: 10.28 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1521969.48 ops/sec Duration: 3.285 seconds Latency (avg): 5251.76 μs Latency (stddev): 1174.00 μs Latency (CV): 22.35% Latency (p50): 5414.00 μs Latency (p95): 7110.00 μs Latency (p99): 8053.00 μs Latency (min): 2120.00 μs Latency (max): 9084.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 982775.05 ops/sec Duration: 0.676 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1020.78 MB Peak VMS: 1805.83 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 684.60 MB CPU User Time: 10.874 seconds CPU System Time: 0.780 seconds CPU Utilization: 293.8% Database Size: 64.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.12x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.71x faster (2599989 vs 1521969 ops/sec) ITER: 5.48x faster (5383154 vs 982775 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2811.35 μs vs 5251.76 μs PUT p99: 4035.00 μs vs 8053.00 μs PUT max: 193948.00 μs vs 9084.00 μs PUT CV: 153.01% vs 22.35% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 806.53 MB vs 1020.78 MB Peak VMS: 1109.06 MB vs 1805.83 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 684.60 MB CPU User Time: 12.384 s vs 10.874 s CPU System Time: 1.596 s vs 0.780 s CPU Utilization: 683.0% vs 293.8% Database Size: 10.28 MB vs 64.26 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2744785.46 ops/sec GET: 3140703.52 ops/sec ITER: 5511978.87 ops/sec (661454 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1579533.79 ops/sec GET: 1759565.26 ops/sec ITER: 2037655.84 ops/sec (662122 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2744785.46 ops/sec Duration: 1.822 seconds Latency (avg): 2642.86 μs Latency (stddev): 2696.19 μs Latency (CV): 102.02% Latency (p50): 2601.00 μs Latency (p95): 3516.00 μs Latency (p99): 3940.00 μs Latency (min): 938.00 μs Latency (max): 142893.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 3140703.52 ops/sec Duration: 1.592 seconds Latency (avg): 1.87 μs Latency (stddev): 0.92 μs Latency (CV): 49.10% Latency (p50): 2.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 286.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5511978.87 ops/sec Duration: 0.120 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 830.97 MB Peak VMS: 1147.24 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 22.713 seconds CPU System Time: 2.913 seconds CPU Utilization: 653.3% Database Size: 10.24 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1579533.79 ops/sec Duration: 3.165 seconds Latency (avg): 5059.77 μs Latency (stddev): 1118.31 μs Latency (CV): 22.10% Latency (p50): 5236.00 μs Latency (p95): 6796.00 μs Latency (p99): 7352.00 μs Latency (min): 2441.00 μs Latency (max): 8059.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1759565.26 ops/sec Duration: 2.842 seconds Latency (avg): 3.84 μs Latency (stddev): 2.60 μs Latency (CV): 67.64% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 10.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 1147.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2037655.84 ops/sec Duration: 0.325 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 933.36 MB Peak VMS: 1740.53 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 683.65 MB CPU User Time: 30.145 seconds CPU System Time: 2.208 seconds CPU Utilization: 480.1% Database Size: 65.05 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.24x Read Amplification: 0.00x Space Amplification: 0.12x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.74x faster (2744785 vs 1579534 ops/sec) GET: 1.78x faster (3140704 vs 1759565 ops/sec) ITER: 2.71x faster (5511979 vs 2037656 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2642.86 μs vs 5059.77 μs PUT p99: 3940.00 μs vs 7352.00 μs PUT max: 142893.00 μs vs 8059.00 μs PUT CV: 102.02% vs 22.10% GET avg: 1.87 μs vs 3.84 μs GET p99: 4.00 μs vs 10.00 μs GET max: 286.00 μs vs 1147.00 μs GET CV: 49.10% vs 67.64% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 830.97 MB vs 933.36 MB Peak VMS: 1147.24 MB vs 1740.53 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 683.65 MB CPU User Time: 22.713 s vs 30.145 s CPU System Time: 2.913 s vs 2.208 s CPU Utilization: 653.3% vs 480.1% Database Size: 10.24 MB vs 65.05 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.24x Space Amplification: 0.02x vs 0.12x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 6. Delete Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2937784.19 ops/sec ITER: 5404412.16 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2937784.19 ops/sec Duration: 1.702 seconds Latency (avg): 2541.69 μs Latency (stddev): 781.70 μs Latency (CV): 30.76% Latency (p50): 2421.00 μs Latency (p95): 4049.00 μs Latency (p99): 4749.00 μs Latency (min): 646.00 μs Latency (max): 6281.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5404412.16 ops/sec Duration: 0.925 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1159.71 MB Peak VMS: 1825.42 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 608.03 MB CPU User Time: 14.681 seconds CPU System Time: 1.024 seconds CPU Utilization: 597.7% Database Size: 43.85 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2318593.26 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2318593.26 ops/sec Duration: 2.156 seconds Latency (avg): 2218.26 μs Latency (stddev): 4762.38 μs Latency (CV): 214.69% Latency (p50): 1884.00 μs Latency (p95): 3158.00 μs Latency (p99): 3759.00 μs Latency (min): 749.00 μs Latency (max): 152910.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 818.70 MB Peak VMS: 1116.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 11.454 seconds CPU System Time: 0.603 seconds CPU Utilization: 373.1% Database Size: 48.24 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2076235.20 ops/sec ITER: 4026247.92 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2076235.20 ops/sec Duration: 2.408 seconds Latency (avg): 3849.74 μs Latency (stddev): 521.68 μs Latency (CV): 13.55% Latency (p50): 3918.00 μs Latency (p95): 4571.00 μs Latency (p99): 5012.00 μs Latency (min): 864.00 μs Latency (max): 7433.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4026247.92 ops/sec Duration: 1.242 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 238.93 MB Peak VMS: 1293.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.12 MB CPU User Time: 9.559 seconds CPU System Time: 0.706 seconds CPU Utilization: 280.9% Database Size: 80.91 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2934406.62 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2934406.62 ops/sec Duration: 1.704 seconds Latency (avg): 2725.17 μs Latency (stddev): 2132.47 μs Latency (CV): 78.25% Latency (p50): 2548.00 μs Latency (p95): 3929.00 μs Latency (p99): 4409.00 μs Latency (min): 637.00 μs Latency (max): 54412.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 170.01 MB Peak VMS: 1295.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.22 MB CPU User Time: 11.238 seconds CPU System Time: 0.482 seconds CPU Utilization: 345.4% Database Size: 65.74 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.28x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 7. Large Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (1M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 337955.89 ops/sec ITER: 1645592.12 ops/sec (1000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 134536.70 ops/sec ITER: 434146.49 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 337955.89 ops/sec Duration: 2.959 seconds Latency (avg): 23507.39 μs Latency (stddev): 14494.07 μs Latency (CV): 61.66% Latency (p50): 21137.00 μs Latency (p95): 30400.00 μs Latency (p99): 96519.00 μs Latency (min): 12631.00 μs Latency (max): 204525.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1645592.12 ops/sec Duration: 0.608 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4134.38 MB Peak VMS: 4566.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4243.50 MB CPU User Time: 13.070 seconds CPU System Time: 9.823 seconds CPU Utilization: 641.8% Database Size: 302.35 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.02x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 134536.70 ops/sec Duration: 7.433 seconds Latency (avg): 59360.41 μs Latency (stddev): 109250.75 μs Latency (CV): 184.05% Latency (p50): 29130.00 μs Latency (p95): 247843.00 μs Latency (p99): 630815.00 μs Latency (min): 11106.00 μs Latency (max): 893968.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 434146.49 ops/sec Duration: 2.303 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 4139.70 MB Peak VMS: 4823.54 MB Disk Reads: 0.04 MB Disk Writes: 5097.07 MB CPU User Time: 16.520 seconds CPU System Time: 4.218 seconds CPU Utilization: 213.0% Database Size: 347.92 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.08x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.51x faster (337956 vs 134537 ops/sec) ITER: 3.79x faster (1645592 vs 434146 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 23507.39 μs vs 59360.41 μs PUT p99: 96519.00 μs vs 630815.00 μs PUT max: 204525.00 μs vs 893968.00 μs PUT CV: 61.66% vs 184.05% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 4134.38 MB vs 4139.70 MB Peak VMS: 4566.25 MB vs 4823.54 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.04 MB Disk Writes: 4243.50 MB vs 5097.07 MB CPU User Time: 13.070 s vs 16.520 s CPU System Time: 9.823 s vs 4.218 s CPU Utilization: 641.8% vs 213.0% Database Size: 302.35 MB vs 347.92 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.02x vs 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 8. Small Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (50M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1930007.88 ops/sec ITER: 2490520.33 ops/sec (50000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1180605.01 ops/sec ITER: 3927042.15 ops/sec (50000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1930007.88 ops/sec Duration: 25.907 seconds Latency (avg): 3926.44 μs Latency (stddev): 7566.30 μs Latency (CV): 192.70% Latency (p50): 3531.00 μs Latency (p95): 6008.00 μs Latency (p99): 6949.00 μs Latency (min): 552.00 μs Latency (max): 392740.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2490520.33 ops/sec Duration: 20.076 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 9348.80 MB Peak VMS: 12732.48 MB Disk Reads: 73.51 MB Disk Writes: 4810.66 MB CPU User Time: 235.216 seconds CPU System Time: 6.489 seconds CPU Utilization: 525.4% Database Size: 517.08 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.26x Space Amplification: 0.14x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1180605.01 ops/sec Duration: 42.351 seconds Latency (avg): 6775.42 μs Latency (stddev): 58243.68 μs Latency (CV): 859.63% Latency (p50): 4247.00 μs Latency (p95): 5845.00 μs Latency (p99): 7999.00 μs Latency (min): 998.00 μs Latency (max): 2261051.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 3927042.15 ops/sec Duration: 12.732 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 9307.07 MB Peak VMS: 10269.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.07 MB Disk Writes: 5615.10 MB CPU User Time: 153.400 seconds CPU System Time: 5.839 seconds CPU Utilization: 289.1% Database Size: 540.87 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.47x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.63x faster (1930008 vs 1180605 ops/sec) ITER: 1.58x slower (2490520 vs 3927042 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 3926.44 μs vs 6775.42 μs PUT p99: 6949.00 μs vs 7999.00 μs PUT max: 392740.00 μs vs 2261051.00 μs PUT CV: 192.70% vs 859.63% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 9348.80 MB vs 9307.07 MB Peak VMS: 12732.48 MB vs 10269.20 MB Disk Reads: 73.51 MB vs 0.07 MB Disk Writes: 4810.66 MB vs 5615.10 MB CPU User Time: 235.216 s vs 153.400 s CPU System Time: 6.489 s vs 5.839 s CPU Utilization: 525.4% vs 289.1% Database Size: 517.08 MB vs 540.87 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.26x vs 1.47x Space Amplification: 0.14x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 9. Batch Size Comparison ### Testing impact of different batch sizes on write performance *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1020961.04 ops/sec ITER: 10533278.84 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 792429.76 ops/sec ITER: 4208339.75 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1020961.04 ops/sec Duration: 9.795 seconds Latency (avg): 7.51 μs Latency (stddev): 84.12 μs Latency (CV): 1120.32% Latency (p50): 7.00 μs Latency (p95): 11.00 μs Latency (p99): 13.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 81398.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10533278.84 ops/sec Duration: 0.949 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 771.11 MB Peak VMS: 1848.45 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 1550.95 MB CPU User Time: 44.540 seconds CPU System Time: 45.506 seconds CPU Utilization: 777.3% Database Size: 111.66 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 792429.76 ops/sec Duration: 12.619 seconds Latency (avg): 9.82 μs Latency (stddev): 343.92 μs Latency (CV): 3503.28% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 13.00 μs Latency (p99): 17.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 363859.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 4208339.75 ops/sec Duration: 2.376 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1023.93 MB Peak VMS: 1806.21 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1541.03 MB CPU User Time: 108.259 seconds CPU System Time: 6.221 seconds CPU Utilization: 723.1% Database Size: 113.36 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.39x Space Amplification: 0.10x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.29x faster (1020961 vs 792430 ops/sec) ITER: 2.50x faster (10533279 vs 4208340 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 7.51 μs vs 9.82 μs PUT p99: 13.00 μs vs 17.00 μs PUT max: 81398.00 μs vs 363859.00 μs PUT CV: 1120.32% vs 3503.28% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 771.11 MB vs 1023.93 MB Peak VMS: 1848.45 MB vs 1806.21 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1550.95 MB vs 1541.03 MB CPU User Time: 44.540 s vs 108.259 s CPU System Time: 45.506 s vs 6.221 s CPU Utilization: 777.3% vs 723.1% Database Size: 111.66 MB vs 113.36 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.40x vs 1.39x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2759038.54 ops/sec ITER: 4079549.59 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1355687.54 ops/sec ITER: 3993634.15 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2759038.54 ops/sec Duration: 3.624 seconds Latency (avg): 27.82 μs Latency (stddev): 18.34 μs Latency (CV): 65.91% Latency (p50): 26.00 μs Latency (p95): 42.00 μs Latency (p99): 54.00 μs Latency (min): 6.00 μs Latency (max): 5598.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4079549.59 ops/sec Duration: 2.451 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2497.06 MB Peak VMS: 2942.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1241.91 MB CPU User Time: 27.976 seconds CPU System Time: 5.115 seconds CPU Utilization: 537.7% Database Size: 106.96 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1355687.54 ops/sec Duration: 7.376 seconds Latency (avg): 58.95 μs Latency (stddev): 2797.84 μs Latency (CV): 4745.82% Latency (p50): 38.00 μs Latency (p95): 52.00 μs Latency (p99): 66.00 μs Latency (min): 9.00 μs Latency (max): 636248.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 3993634.15 ops/sec Duration: 2.504 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2916.68 MB Peak VMS: 3597.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1464.56 MB CPU User Time: 44.911 seconds CPU System Time: 11.202 seconds CPU Utilization: 562.5% Database Size: 156.21 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.04x faster (2759039 vs 1355688 ops/sec) ITER: 1.02x faster (4079550 vs 3993634 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 27.82 μs vs 58.95 μs PUT p99: 54.00 μs vs 66.00 μs PUT max: 5598.00 μs vs 636248.00 μs PUT CV: 65.91% vs 4745.82% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2497.06 MB vs 2916.68 MB Peak VMS: 2942.71 MB vs 3597.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1241.91 MB vs 1464.56 MB CPU User Time: 27.976 s vs 44.911 s CPU System Time: 5.115 s vs 11.202 s CPU Utilization: 537.7% vs 562.5% Database Size: 106.96 MB vs 156.21 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.12x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3170557.95 ops/sec ITER: 4587538.96 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1798890.19 ops/sec ITER: 3558910.11 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3170557.95 ops/sec Duration: 3.154 seconds Latency (avg): 240.12 μs Latency (stddev): 102.83 μs Latency (CV): 42.82% Latency (p50): 228.00 μs Latency (p95): 372.00 μs Latency (p99): 449.00 μs Latency (min): 71.00 μs Latency (max): 6571.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4587538.96 ops/sec Duration: 2.180 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2486.48 MB Peak VMS: 2973.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1234.30 MB CPU User Time: 26.992 seconds CPU System Time: 2.521 seconds CPU Utilization: 552.5% Database Size: 103.11 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 0.09x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1798890.19 ops/sec Duration: 5.559 seconds Latency (avg): 444.37 μs Latency (stddev): 4942.63 μs Latency (CV): 1112.28% Latency (p50): 328.00 μs Latency (p95): 454.00 μs Latency (p99): 604.00 μs Latency (min): 69.00 μs Latency (max): 306193.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 3558910.11 ops/sec Duration: 2.810 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2831.97 MB Peak VMS: 3405.96 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1438.23 MB CPU User Time: 31.785 seconds CPU System Time: 3.495 seconds CPU Utilization: 420.5% Database Size: 152.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.76x faster (3170558 vs 1798890 ops/sec) ITER: 1.29x faster (4587539 vs 3558910 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 240.12 μs vs 444.37 μs PUT p99: 449.00 μs vs 604.00 μs PUT max: 6571.00 μs vs 306193.00 μs PUT CV: 42.82% vs 1112.28% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2486.48 MB vs 2831.97 MB Peak VMS: 2973.39 MB vs 3405.96 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1234.30 MB vs 1438.23 MB CPU User Time: 26.992 s vs 31.785 s CPU System Time: 2.521 s vs 3.495 s CPU Utilization: 552.5% vs 420.5% Database Size: 103.11 MB vs 152.65 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.12x vs 1.30x Space Amplification: 0.09x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2576437.09 ops/sec ITER: 4125836.36 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1693547.50 ops/sec ITER: 3771645.00 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2576437.09 ops/sec Duration: 3.881 seconds Latency (avg): 2971.00 μs Latency (stddev): 882.75 μs Latency (CV): 29.71% Latency (p50): 2898.00 μs Latency (p95): 4628.00 μs Latency (p99): 5678.00 μs Latency (min): 898.00 μs Latency (max): 6597.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4125836.36 ops/sec Duration: 2.424 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2505.49 MB Peak VMS: 3018.64 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1222.72 MB CPU User Time: 34.729 seconds CPU System Time: 2.164 seconds CPU Utilization: 585.0% Database Size: 89.83 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1693547.50 ops/sec Duration: 5.905 seconds Latency (avg): 4722.03 μs Latency (stddev): 8003.44 μs Latency (CV): 169.49% Latency (p50): 4181.00 μs Latency (p95): 5584.00 μs Latency (p99): 6416.00 μs Latency (min): 1218.00 μs Latency (max): 161419.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 3771645.00 ops/sec Duration: 2.651 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2716.18 MB Peak VMS: 3470.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 1462.29 MB CPU User Time: 26.181 seconds CPU System Time: 1.359 seconds CPU Utilization: 321.4% Database Size: 116.32 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.52x faster (2576437 vs 1693547 ops/sec) ITER: 1.09x faster (4125836 vs 3771645 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2971.00 μs vs 4722.03 μs PUT p99: 5678.00 μs vs 6416.00 μs PUT max: 6597.00 μs vs 161419.00 μs PUT CV: 29.71% vs 169.49% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2505.49 MB vs 2716.18 MB Peak VMS: 3018.64 MB vs 3470.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.01 MB Disk Writes: 1222.72 MB vs 1462.29 MB CPU User Time: 34.729 s vs 26.181 s CPU System Time: 2.164 s vs 1.359 s CPU Utilization: 585.0% vs 321.4% Database Size: 89.83 MB vs 116.32 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.11x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1635149.70 ops/sec ITER: 6197994.95 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1206664.02 ops/sec ITER: 3810898.64 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1635149.70 ops/sec Duration: 6.116 seconds Latency (avg): 46012.20 μs Latency (stddev): 10980.60 μs Latency (CV): 23.86% Latency (p50): 46974.00 μs Latency (p95): 63595.00 μs Latency (p99): 69171.00 μs Latency (min): 15432.00 μs Latency (max): 73423.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6197994.95 ops/sec Duration: 1.613 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2228.86 MB Peak VMS: 2839.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1190.00 MB CPU User Time: 50.903 seconds CPU System Time: 2.243 seconds CPU Utilization: 687.6% Database Size: 77.76 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v10.10.1) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1206664.02 ops/sec Duration: 8.287 seconds Latency (avg): 66074.51 μs Latency (stddev): 17937.77 μs Latency (CV): 27.15% Latency (p50): 63332.00 μs Latency (p95): 84911.00 μs Latency (p99): 168641.00 μs Latency (min): 8627.00 μs Latency (max): 181225.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 3810898.64 ops/sec Duration: 2.624 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2408.31 MB Peak VMS: 3086.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1455.98 MB CPU User Time: 24.318 seconds CPU System Time: 1.176 seconds CPU Utilization: 233.4% Database Size: 123.07 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.11x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.36x faster (1635150 vs 1206664 ops/sec) ITER: 1.63x faster (6197995 vs 3810899 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 46012.20 μs vs 66074.51 μs PUT p99: 69171.00 μs vs 168641.00 μs PUT max: 73423.00 μs vs 181225.00 μs PUT CV: 23.86% vs 27.15% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2228.86 MB vs 2408.31 MB Peak VMS: 2839.00 MB vs 3086.09 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1190.00 MB vs 1455.98 MB CPU User Time: 50.903 s vs 24.318 s CPU System Time: 2.243 s vs 1.176 s CPU Utilization: 687.6% vs 233.4% Database Size: 77.76 MB vs 123.07 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.08x vs 1.32x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.11x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 10. Batch Size Impact on Deletes ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1065489.23 ops/sec ITER: 7541819.39 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1065489.23 ops/sec Duration: 4.693 seconds Latency (avg): 7.17 μs Latency (stddev): 30.55 μs Latency (CV): 426.25% Latency (p50): 7.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 13.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 51510.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7541819.39 ops/sec Duration: 0.663 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 593.20 MB Peak VMS: 1430.62 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 750.66 MB CPU User Time: 18.670 seconds CPU System Time: 23.848 seconds CPU Utilization: 738.3% Database Size: 55.79 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.36x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1117293.47 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1117293.47 ops/sec Duration: 4.475 seconds Latency (avg): 6.95 μs Latency (stddev): 19.73 μs Latency (CV): 283.94% Latency (p50): 7.00 μs Latency (p95): 10.00 μs Latency (p99): 13.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 14984.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 816.89 MB Peak VMS: 1116.97 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 185.97 MB CPU User Time: 15.171 seconds CPU System Time: 21.012 seconds CPU Utilization: 606.3% Database Size: 57.36 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.34x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 818299.13 ops/sec ITER: 3596928.22 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 818299.13 ops/sec Duration: 6.110 seconds Latency (avg): 9.50 μs Latency (stddev): 2.75 μs Latency (CV): 28.94% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 13.00 μs Latency (p99): 17.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 367.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3596928.22 ops/sec Duration: 1.390 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 295.31 MB Peak VMS: 1293.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 715.21 MB CPU User Time: 52.339 seconds CPU System Time: 3.254 seconds CPU Utilization: 703.0% Database Size: 79.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 851569.99 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 851569.99 ops/sec Duration: 5.872 seconds Latency (avg): 9.25 μs Latency (stddev): 7.55 μs Latency (CV): 81.65% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 13.00 μs Latency (p99): 18.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 9548.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 151.84 MB Peak VMS: 1294.14 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 182.30 MB CPU User Time: 49.541 seconds CPU System Time: 2.446 seconds CPU Utilization: 733.5% Database Size: 66.69 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.33x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=100 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2888016.58 ops/sec ITER: 5538165.72 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2888016.58 ops/sec Duration: 1.731 seconds Latency (avg): 252.70 μs Latency (stddev): 80.95 μs Latency (CV): 32.03% Latency (p50): 247.00 μs Latency (p95): 388.00 μs Latency (p99): 466.00 μs Latency (min): 53.00 μs Latency (max): 1354.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5538165.72 ops/sec Duration: 0.903 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1158.59 MB Peak VMS: 1798.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 610.54 MB CPU User Time: 13.727 seconds CPU System Time: 1.342 seconds CPU Utilization: 571.1% Database Size: 51.86 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3355943.44 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3355943.44 ops/sec Duration: 1.490 seconds Latency (avg): 227.29 μs Latency (stddev): 128.56 μs Latency (CV): 56.56% Latency (p50): 208.00 μs Latency (p95): 385.00 μs Latency (p99): 500.00 μs Latency (min): 66.00 μs Latency (max): 9911.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 817.68 MB Peak VMS: 1116.40 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 105.67 MB CPU User Time: 11.449 seconds CPU System Time: 0.933 seconds CPU Utilization: 467.1% Database Size: 53.40 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2232511.62 ops/sec ITER: 3588072.10 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2232511.62 ops/sec Duration: 2.240 seconds Latency (avg): 357.99 μs Latency (stddev): 419.49 μs Latency (CV): 117.18% Latency (p50): 344.00 μs Latency (p95): 478.00 μs Latency (p99): 544.00 μs Latency (min): 73.00 μs Latency (max): 26558.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3588072.10 ops/sec Duration: 1.394 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 234.34 MB Peak VMS: 1293.90 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 688.91 MB CPU User Time: 12.623 seconds CPU System Time: 2.108 seconds CPU Utilization: 404.5% Database Size: 89.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2365655.60 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2365655.60 ops/sec Duration: 2.114 seconds Latency (avg): 337.88 μs Latency (stddev): 101.27 μs Latency (CV): 29.97% Latency (p50): 328.00 μs Latency (p95): 501.00 μs Latency (p99): 623.00 μs Latency (min): 49.00 μs Latency (max): 3288.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 204.29 MB Peak VMS: 1294.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 170.28 MB CPU User Time: 14.049 seconds CPU System Time: 2.345 seconds CPU Utilization: 409.1% Database Size: 92.44 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.31x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2545314.23 ops/sec ITER: 5046712.37 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2545314.23 ops/sec Duration: 1.964 seconds Latency (avg): 2807.24 μs Latency (stddev): 866.19 μs Latency (CV): 30.86% Latency (p50): 2670.00 μs Latency (p95): 4382.00 μs Latency (p99): 4987.00 μs Latency (min): 862.00 μs Latency (max): 7106.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5046712.37 ops/sec Duration: 0.991 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1158.47 MB Peak VMS: 1793.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 601.44 MB CPU User Time: 15.721 seconds CPU System Time: 1.127 seconds CPU Utilization: 570.0% Database Size: 43.99 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3234989.65 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 3234989.65 ops/sec Duration: 1.546 seconds Latency (avg): 2351.96 μs Latency (stddev): 767.92 μs Latency (CV): 32.65% Latency (p50): 2253.00 μs Latency (p95): 3760.00 μs Latency (p99): 4442.00 μs Latency (min): 704.00 μs Latency (max): 6852.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 817.95 MB Peak VMS: 1116.41 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 12.036 seconds CPU System Time: 0.794 seconds CPU Utilization: 467.8% Database Size: 48.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1965567.97 ops/sec ITER: 3854981.75 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1965567.97 ops/sec Duration: 2.544 seconds Latency (avg): 4066.42 μs Latency (stddev): 1718.99 μs Latency (CV): 42.27% Latency (p50): 4028.00 μs Latency (p95): 4832.00 μs Latency (p99): 5677.00 μs Latency (min): 928.00 μs Latency (max): 35355.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3854981.75 ops/sec Duration: 1.297 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 246.89 MB Peak VMS: 1293.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.13 MB CPU User Time: 9.583 seconds CPU System Time: 0.790 seconds CPU Utilization: 270.0% Database Size: 80.92 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 2698841.17 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 2698841.17 ops/sec Duration: 1.853 seconds Latency (avg): 2961.34 μs Latency (stddev): 3472.32 μs Latency (CV): 117.26% Latency (p50): 2792.00 μs Latency (p95): 4018.00 μs Latency (p99): 5203.00 μs Latency (min): 553.00 μs Latency (max): 87770.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 143.64 MB Peak VMS: 1294.78 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 157.73 MB CPU User Time: 11.562 seconds CPU System Time: 0.419 seconds CPU Utilization: 343.1% Database Size: 64.23 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.29x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 11. Seek Performance (Block Index Effectiveness) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3033603.22 ops/sec ITER: 4925686.17 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3033603.22 ops/sec Duration: 1.648 seconds Latency (avg): 2484.19 μs Latency (stddev): 730.38 μs Latency (CV): 29.40% Latency (p50): 2435.00 μs Latency (p95): 3794.00 μs Latency (p99): 4468.00 μs Latency (min): 717.00 μs Latency (max): 8261.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4925686.17 ops/sec Duration: 1.015 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1159.87 MB Peak VMS: 1825.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 607.99 MB CPU User Time: 14.476 seconds CPU System Time: 1.101 seconds CPU Utilization: 584.7% Database Size: 43.86 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1183021.19 ops/sec ITER: 12686748.94 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1183021.19 ops/sec Duration: 4.226 seconds Latency (avg): 6.53 μs Latency (stddev): 8.94 μs Latency (CV): 136.79% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1203.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 12686748.94 ops/sec Duration: 0.394 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 859.83 MB Peak VMS: 1244.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 33.278 seconds CPU System Time: 0.597 seconds CPU Utilization: 678.4% Database Size: 43.86 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1919956.26 ops/sec ITER: 3860133.47 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1919956.26 ops/sec Duration: 2.604 seconds Latency (avg): 4162.96 μs Latency (stddev): 685.85 μs Latency (CV): 16.48% Latency (p50): 4184.00 μs Latency (p95): 5322.00 μs Latency (p99): 5792.00 μs Latency (min): 970.00 μs Latency (max): 6666.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3860133.47 ops/sec Duration: 1.295 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 218.20 MB Peak VMS: 1293.93 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 690.40 MB CPU User Time: 10.023 seconds CPU System Time: 0.814 seconds CPU Utilization: 277.5% Database Size: 79.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.25x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 731275.97 ops/sec ITER: 4759493.29 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 731275.97 ops/sec Duration: 6.837 seconds Latency (avg): 10.48 μs Latency (stddev): 4.28 μs Latency (CV): 40.85% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 17.00 μs Latency (p99): 21.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 1349.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4759493.29 ops/sec Duration: 1.051 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 249.18 MB Peak VMS: 1303.12 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 49.189 seconds CPU System Time: 4.805 seconds CPU Utilization: 651.9% Database Size: 53.01 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 5426624.98 ops/sec ITER: 16955187.44 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 5426624.98 ops/sec Duration: 0.921 seconds Latency (avg): 1301.06 μs Latency (stddev): 382.18 μs Latency (CV): 29.37% Latency (p50): 1212.00 μs Latency (p95): 1883.00 μs Latency (p99): 2269.00 μs Latency (min): 559.00 μs Latency (max): 6109.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 16955187.44 ops/sec Duration: 0.295 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1158.53 MB Peak VMS: 1799.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 609.16 MB CPU User Time: 6.598 seconds CPU System Time: 1.078 seconds CPU Utilization: 630.8% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4515088.52 ops/sec ITER: 14758099.98 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 4515088.52 ops/sec Duration: 1.107 seconds Latency (avg): 1.46 μs Latency (stddev): 6.85 μs Latency (CV): 468.35% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 2.00 μs Latency (p99): 3.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 5161.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 14758099.98 ops/sec Duration: 0.339 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 850.98 MB Peak VMS: 1117.91 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 7.783 seconds CPU System Time: 0.536 seconds CPU Utilization: 476.2% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2417961.00 ops/sec ITER: 5465173.73 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2417961.00 ops/sec Duration: 2.068 seconds Latency (avg): 3306.78 μs Latency (stddev): 737.35 μs Latency (CV): 22.30% Latency (p50): 3235.00 μs Latency (p95): 4134.00 μs Latency (p99): 4705.00 μs Latency (min): 759.00 μs Latency (max): 15764.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5465173.73 ops/sec Duration: 0.915 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 205.23 MB Peak VMS: 1293.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 739.87 MB CPU User Time: 7.589 seconds CPU System Time: 0.778 seconds CPU Utilization: 280.0% Database Size: 122.54 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.34x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1949728.97 ops/sec ITER: 5631924.45 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1949728.97 ops/sec Duration: 2.564 seconds Latency (avg): 3.51 μs Latency (stddev): 1.60 μs Latency (CV): 45.40% Latency (p50): 3.00 μs Latency (p95): 6.00 μs Latency (p99): 8.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 422.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5631924.45 ops/sec Duration: 0.888 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 223.34 MB Peak VMS: 1292.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 87.18 MB CPU User Time: 21.120 seconds CPU System Time: 0.354 seconds CPU Utilization: 569.5% Database Size: 87.29 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2614394.12 ops/sec ITER: 5294978.83 ops/sec (656445 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2614394.12 ops/sec Duration: 1.912 seconds Latency (avg): 2948.97 μs Latency (stddev): 1527.42 μs Latency (CV): 51.79% Latency (p50): 2899.00 μs Latency (p95): 3904.00 μs Latency (p99): 4363.00 μs Latency (min): 1433.00 μs Latency (max): 103412.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5294978.83 ops/sec Duration: 0.124 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 799.20 MB Peak VMS: 1109.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 12.436 seconds CPU System Time: 2.144 seconds CPU Utilization: 715.8% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.02x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 3157089.85 ops/sec ITER: 9831878.02 ops/sec (656445 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 3157089.85 ops/sec Duration: 1.584 seconds Latency (avg): 1.54 μs Latency (stddev): 2.48 μs Latency (CV): 160.74% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 3.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 613.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 9831878.02 ops/sec Duration: 0.067 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 134.07 MB Peak VMS: 598.27 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 9.701 seconds CPU System Time: 2.341 seconds CPU Utilization: 608.2% Database Size: 10.17 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1541570.77 ops/sec ITER: 1779763.60 ops/sec (656642 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1541570.77 ops/sec Duration: 3.243 seconds Latency (avg): 5120.10 μs Latency (stddev): 1595.12 μs Latency (CV): 31.15% Latency (p50): 5377.00 μs Latency (p95): 6670.00 μs Latency (p99): 7132.00 μs Latency (min): 1455.00 μs Latency (max): 74785.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1779763.60 ops/sec Duration: 0.369 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 199.48 MB Peak VMS: 1293.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 679.84 MB CPU User Time: 9.882 seconds CPU System Time: 0.904 seconds CPU Utilization: 298.6% Database Size: 54.36 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.23x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 598385.89 ops/sec ITER: 2172369.07 ops/sec (656642 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 598385.89 ops/sec Duration: 8.356 seconds Latency (avg): 12.68 μs Latency (stddev): 13.78 μs Latency (CV): 108.64% Latency (p50): 12.00 μs Latency (p95): 24.00 μs Latency (p99): 31.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 9465.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2172369.07 ops/sec Duration: 0.302 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 221.51 MB Peak VMS: 1295.58 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 57.258 seconds CPU System Time: 7.659 seconds CPU Utilization: 714.5% Database Size: 36.38 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv ### 12. Range Query Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 4294167.66 ops/sec ITER: 7055868.37 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 4294167.66 ops/sec Duration: 0.233 seconds Latency (avg): 1695.83 μs Latency (stddev): 401.79 μs Latency (CV): 23.69% Latency (p50): 1677.00 μs Latency (p95): 2384.00 μs Latency (p99): 2860.00 μs Latency (min): 797.00 μs Latency (max): 4060.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7055868.37 ops/sec Duration: 0.142 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 289.73 MB Peak VMS: 689.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 120.57 MB CPU User Time: 1.742 seconds CPU System Time: 0.285 seconds CPU Utilization: 540.8% Database Size: 9.03 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 546601.91 ops/sec ITER: 14400506.90 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 546601.91 ops/sec Duration: 1.829 seconds Latency (avg): 13.61 μs Latency (stddev): 15.40 μs Latency (CV): 113.20% Latency (p50): 9.00 μs Latency (p95): 45.00 μs Latency (p99): 62.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 2012.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 14400506.90 ops/sec Duration: 0.069 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 194.87 MB Peak VMS: 599.16 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 12.687 seconds CPU System Time: 1.128 seconds CPU Utilization: 699.3% Database Size: 9.03 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2002571.30 ops/sec ITER: 4172838.99 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2002571.30 ops/sec Duration: 0.499 seconds Latency (avg): 3982.77 μs Latency (stddev): 702.42 μs Latency (CV): 17.64% Latency (p50): 3994.00 μs Latency (p95): 5127.00 μs Latency (p99): 5864.00 μs Latency (min): 1137.00 μs Latency (max): 7106.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4172838.99 ops/sec Duration: 0.240 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 94.40 MB Peak VMS: 1285.68 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 126.75 MB CPU User Time: 1.494 seconds CPU System Time: 0.123 seconds CPU Utilization: 218.0% Database Size: 19.60 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 280419.96 ops/sec ITER: 4272299.27 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 280419.96 ops/sec Duration: 3.566 seconds Latency (avg): 27.25 μs Latency (stddev): 9.07 μs Latency (CV): 33.29% Latency (p50): 25.00 μs Latency (p95): 46.00 μs Latency (p99): 62.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 761.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 4272299.27 ops/sec Duration: 0.234 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 200.42 MB Peak VMS: 1293.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 27.261 seconds CPU System Time: 0.384 seconds CPU Utilization: 713.6% Database Size: 14.12 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (500K ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3832474.86 ops/sec ITER: 7153075.82 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3832474.86 ops/sec Duration: 0.130 seconds Latency (avg): 1732.63 μs Latency (stddev): 396.28 μs Latency (CV): 22.87% Latency (p50): 1656.00 μs Latency (p95): 2396.00 μs Latency (p99): 3103.00 μs Latency (min): 656.00 μs Latency (max): 3552.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7153075.82 ops/sec Duration: 0.070 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 155.53 MB Peak VMS: 597.06 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.58 MB CPU User Time: 0.803 seconds CPU System Time: 0.130 seconds CPU Utilization: 465.0% Database Size: 4.51 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 89917.22 ops/sec ITER: 16139444.80 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 89917.22 ops/sec Duration: 5.561 seconds Latency (avg): 85.78 μs Latency (stddev): 29.41 μs Latency (CV): 34.29% Latency (p50): 74.00 μs Latency (p95): 145.00 μs Latency (p99): 181.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 4191.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 16139444.80 ops/sec Duration: 0.031 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 109.92 MB Peak VMS: 598.08 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 40.417 seconds CPU System Time: 2.574 seconds CPU Utilization: 763.6% Database Size: 4.51 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2029476.11 ops/sec ITER: 6034784.50 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2029476.11 ops/sec Duration: 0.246 seconds Latency (avg): 3898.38 μs Latency (stddev): 654.38 μs Latency (CV): 16.79% Latency (p50): 3882.00 μs Latency (p95): 5063.00 μs Latency (p99): 5687.00 μs Latency (min): 1041.00 μs Latency (max): 5866.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6034784.50 ops/sec Duration: 0.083 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 89.38 MB Peak VMS: 1301.66 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 61.76 MB CPU User Time: 0.690 seconds CPU System Time: 0.063 seconds CPU Utilization: 228.6% Database Size: 56.80 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.12x Space Amplification: 1.03x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 39584.00 ops/sec ITER: 6622341.13 ops/sec (500000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 39584.00 ops/sec Duration: 12.631 seconds Latency (avg): 196.10 μs Latency (stddev): 56.32 μs Latency (CV): 28.72% Latency (p50): 174.00 μs Latency (p95): 334.00 μs Latency (p99): 454.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 1454.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 6622341.13 ops/sec Duration: 0.076 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 74.76 MB Peak VMS: 1232.58 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 98.079 seconds CPU System Time: 0.104 seconds CPU Utilization: 770.2% Database Size: 7.48 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 6782603.98 ops/sec ITER: 17944300.89 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 6782603.98 ops/sec Duration: 0.147 seconds Latency (avg): 1002.91 μs Latency (stddev): 256.97 μs Latency (CV): 25.62% Latency (p50): 925.00 μs Latency (p95): 1458.00 μs Latency (p99): 1664.00 μs Latency (min): 594.00 μs Latency (max): 2178.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 17944300.89 ops/sec Duration: 0.056 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 289.59 MB Peak VMS: 689.71 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 119.95 MB CPU User Time: 0.910 seconds CPU System Time: 0.240 seconds CPU Utilization: 565.5% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 848282.19 ops/sec ITER: 15329664.43 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v8.2.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 848282.19 ops/sec Duration: 1.179 seconds Latency (avg): 8.60 μs Latency (stddev): 9.04 μs Latency (CV): 105.05% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 31.00 μs Latency (p99): 42.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 452.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 15329664.43 ops/sec Duration: 0.065 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 190.56 MB Peak VMS: 598.99 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 8.402 seconds CPU System Time: 0.419 seconds CPU Utilization: 676.4% Database Size: 11.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 2570376.92 ops/sec ITER: 5430385.18 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2570376.92 ops/sec Duration: 0.389 seconds Latency (avg): 3102.06 μs Latency (stddev): 280.48 μs Latency (CV): 9.04% Latency (p50): 3111.00 μs Latency (p95): 3517.00 μs Latency (p99): 3640.00 μs Latency (min): 1102.00 μs Latency (max): 4026.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5430385.18 ops/sec Duration: 0.184 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 92.55 MB Peak VMS: 1284.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 133.37 MB CPU User Time: 1.170 seconds CPU System Time: 0.160 seconds CPU Utilization: 230.9% Database Size: 25.99 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.21x Space Amplification: 0.23x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 321896.25 ops/sec ITER: 4854557.46 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v10.10.1) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 321896.25 ops/sec Duration: 3.107 seconds Latency (avg): 22.12 μs Latency (stddev): 10.63 μs Latency (CV): 48.05% Latency (p50): 20.00 μs Latency (p95): 44.00 μs Latency (p99): 55.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 4134.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 4854557.46 ops/sec Duration: 0.206 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 147.67 MB Peak VMS: 1294.49 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 22.360 seconds CPU System Time: 0.131 seconds CPU Utilization: 666.0% Database Size: 21.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------* RUNNER Complete Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260210_034029.csv *------------------------------------------*