*------------------------------------------* RUNNER: TidesDB vs RocksDB Comparison Date: Thu Apr 16 03:21:49 PM CEST 2026 Sync Mode: DISABLED (maximum performance) TidesDB B+tree: DISABLED (block-based klog) Parameters: Default Batch Size: 1000 Default Threads: 8 Environment: Hostname: xfs Kernel: 5.15.0-164-generic Filesystem: unknown CPU: AMD Ryzen Threadripper 2950X 16-Core Processor CPU Cores: 32 Memory: 125Gi Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* ### 1. Sequential Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_seq_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 8065114.51 ops/sec ITER: 10790827.37 ops/sec (10000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 833184.54 ops/sec ITER: 2760828.59 ops/sec (10000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 8065114.51 ops/sec Duration: 1.240 seconds Latency (avg): 968.25 μs Latency (stddev): 181.63 μs Latency (CV): 18.76% Latency (p50): 953.00 μs Latency (p95): 1102.00 μs Latency (p99): 1754.00 μs Latency (min): 688.00 μs Latency (max): 11474.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10790827.37 ops/sec Duration: 0.927 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2123.23 MB Peak VMS: 2845.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1198.69 MB CPU User Time: 9.349 seconds CPU System Time: 2.455 seconds CPU Utilization: 544.2% Database Size: 110.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.08x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 833184.54 ops/sec Duration: 12.002 seconds Latency (avg): 9598.31 μs Latency (stddev): 669.77 μs Latency (CV): 6.98% Latency (p50): 9636.00 μs Latency (p95): 10604.00 μs Latency (p99): 10994.00 μs Latency (min): 2339.00 μs Latency (max): 11539.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2760828.59 ops/sec Duration: 3.622 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 444.70 MB Peak VMS: 1295.59 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1640.95 MB CPU User Time: 43.346 seconds CPU System Time: 2.858 seconds CPU Utilization: 295.2% Database Size: 201.08 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.48x Space Amplification: 0.18x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 9.68x faster (8065115 vs 833185 ops/sec) ITER: 3.91x faster (10790827 vs 2760829 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 968.25 μs vs 9598.31 μs PUT p99: 1754.00 μs vs 10994.00 μs PUT max: 11474.00 μs vs 11539.00 μs PUT CV: 18.76% vs 6.98% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2123.23 MB vs 444.70 MB Peak VMS: 2845.48 MB vs 1295.59 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1198.69 MB vs 1640.95 MB CPU User Time: 9.349 s vs 43.346 s CPU System Time: 2.455 s vs 2.858 s CPU Utilization: 544.2% vs 295.2% Database Size: 110.65 MB vs 201.08 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.08x vs 1.48x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 2. Random Write Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Write (10M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_random_10M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3061232.61 ops/sec ITER: 4272477.83 ops/sec (9621415 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 695070.39 ops/sec ITER: 2267388.28 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3061232.61 ops/sec Duration: 3.267 seconds Latency (avg): 2513.18 μs Latency (stddev): 598.37 μs Latency (CV): 23.81% Latency (p50): 2544.00 μs Latency (p95): 3407.00 μs Latency (p99): 3724.00 μs Latency (min): 806.00 μs Latency (max): 7463.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4272477.83 ops/sec Duration: 2.252 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2460.21 MB Peak VMS: 3837.15 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1255.20 MB CPU User Time: 29.752 seconds CPU System Time: 2.777 seconds CPU Utilization: 589.1% Database Size: 92.64 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.13x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 695070.39 ops/sec Duration: 14.387 seconds Latency (avg): 11504.80 μs Latency (stddev): 800.14 μs Latency (CV): 6.95% Latency (p50): 11640.00 μs Latency (p95): 12581.00 μs Latency (p99): 12996.00 μs Latency (min): 2766.00 μs Latency (max): 13506.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2267388.28 ops/sec Duration: 4.243 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1261.05 MB Peak VMS: 2099.03 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1554.74 MB CPU User Time: 53.607 seconds CPU System Time: 2.993 seconds CPU Utilization: 303.8% Database Size: 155.56 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.41x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 4.40x faster (3061233 vs 695070 ops/sec) ITER: 1.88x faster (4272478 vs 2267388 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2513.18 μs vs 11504.80 μs PUT p99: 3724.00 μs vs 12996.00 μs PUT max: 7463.00 μs vs 13506.00 μs PUT CV: 23.81% vs 6.95% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2460.21 MB vs 1261.05 MB Peak VMS: 3837.15 MB vs 2099.03 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1255.20 MB vs 1554.74 MB CPU User Time: 29.752 s vs 53.607 s CPU System Time: 2.777 s vs 2.993 s CPU Utilization: 589.1% vs 303.8% Database Size: 92.64 MB vs 155.56 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.13x vs 1.41x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 3. Random Read Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Read (10M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2973640.76 ops/sec ITER: 3058898.02 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2973640.76 ops/sec Duration: 3.363 seconds Latency (avg): 2514.82 μs Latency (stddev): 563.27 μs Latency (CV): 22.40% Latency (p50): 2545.00 μs Latency (p95): 3331.00 μs Latency (p99): 3700.00 μs Latency (min): 784.00 μs Latency (max): 13110.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3058898.02 ops/sec Duration: 3.145 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2103.49 MB Peak VMS: 3050.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1218.91 MB CPU User Time: 29.751 seconds CPU System Time: 2.447 seconds CPU Utilization: 494.5% Database Size: 92.29 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... GET: 246411.35 ops/sec ITER: 8502450.06 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 246411.35 ops/sec Duration: 40.583 seconds Latency (avg): 31.25 μs Latency (stddev): 48.74 μs Latency (CV): 155.94% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 118.00 μs Latency (p99): 144.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 14955.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 8502450.06 ops/sec Duration: 1.132 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 952.57 MB Peak VMS: 1799.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 299.563 seconds CPU System Time: 16.363 seconds CPU Utilization: 736.5% Database Size: 92.29 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 696476.37 ops/sec ITER: 2262023.46 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 696476.37 ops/sec Duration: 14.358 seconds Latency (avg): 11481.51 μs Latency (stddev): 835.06 μs Latency (CV): 7.27% Latency (p50): 11585.00 μs Latency (p95): 12652.00 μs Latency (p99): 13234.00 μs Latency (min): 2003.00 μs Latency (max): 15707.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2262023.46 ops/sec Duration: 4.253 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 286.61 MB Peak VMS: 1296.58 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1553.02 MB CPU User Time: 52.963 seconds CPU System Time: 3.770 seconds CPU Utilization: 304.8% Database Size: 151.47 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB read test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: read_random_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Read-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... GET: 738220.73 ops/sec ITER: 3088403.63 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes GET Operations: Throughput: 738220.73 ops/sec Duration: 13.546 seconds Latency (avg): 10.21 μs Latency (stddev): 5.20 μs Latency (CV): 50.93% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 19.00 μs Latency (p99): 26.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 682.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3088403.63 ops/sec Duration: 3.115 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 304.88 MB Peak VMS: 1392.57 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 101.72 MB CPU User Time: 97.747 seconds CPU System Time: 18.938 seconds CPU Utilization: 653.6% Database Size: 101.90 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 4. Mixed Workload (50/50 Read/Write, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Mixed Workload (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3323820.56 ops/sec GET: 1086691.94 ops/sec ITER: 4034227.19 ops/sec (4035030 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 715428.05 ops/sec GET: 768207.99 ops/sec ITER: 2612244.20 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3323820.56 ops/sec Duration: 1.504 seconds Latency (avg): 2266.93 μs Latency (stddev): 461.01 μs Latency (CV): 20.34% Latency (p50): 2310.00 μs Latency (p95): 2901.00 μs Latency (p99): 3140.00 μs Latency (min): 803.00 μs Latency (max): 12877.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1086691.94 ops/sec Duration: 4.601 seconds Latency (avg): 6.52 μs Latency (stddev): 12.44 μs Latency (CV): 190.66% Latency (p50): 5.00 μs Latency (p95): 13.00 μs Latency (p99): 17.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 4305.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4034227.19 ops/sec Duration: 1.000 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2037.06 MB Peak VMS: 7040.73 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.69 MB CPU User Time: 46.485 seconds CPU System Time: 2.155 seconds CPU Utilization: 635.1% Database Size: 46.75 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 715428.05 ops/sec Duration: 6.989 seconds Latency (avg): 11171.53 μs Latency (stddev): 879.23 μs Latency (CV): 7.87% Latency (p50): 11264.00 μs Latency (p95): 12488.00 μs Latency (p99): 12893.00 μs Latency (min): 2059.00 μs Latency (max): 13289.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 768207.99 ops/sec Duration: 6.509 seconds Latency (avg): 9.81 μs Latency (stddev): 4.93 μs Latency (CV): 50.28% Latency (p50): 10.00 μs Latency (p95): 18.00 μs Latency (p99): 24.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 800.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2612244.20 ops/sec Duration: 1.877 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 366.89 MB Peak VMS: 5390.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 710.04 MB CPU User Time: 67.330 seconds CPU System Time: 7.917 seconds CPU Utilization: 471.7% Database Size: 91.08 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.28x Space Amplification: 0.16x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 4.65x faster (3323821 vs 715428 ops/sec) GET: 1.41x faster (1086692 vs 768208 ops/sec) ITER: 1.54x faster (4034227 vs 2612244 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2266.93 μs vs 11171.53 μs PUT p99: 3140.00 μs vs 12893.00 μs PUT max: 12877.00 μs vs 13289.00 μs PUT CV: 20.34% vs 7.87% GET avg: 6.52 μs vs 9.81 μs GET p99: 17.00 μs vs 24.00 μs GET max: 4305.00 μs vs 800.00 μs GET CV: 190.66% vs 50.28% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2037.06 MB vs 366.89 MB Peak VMS: 7040.73 MB vs 5390.85 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 603.69 MB vs 710.04 MB CPU User Time: 46.485 s vs 67.330 s CPU System Time: 2.155 s vs 7.917 s CPU Utilization: 635.1% vs 471.7% Database Size: 46.75 MB vs 91.08 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.09x vs 1.28x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 5. Hot Key Workload (Zipfian Distribution, Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Write (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1213478.25 ops/sec ITER: 3490045.18 ops/sec (190019 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 705397.60 ops/sec ITER: 1263320.36 ops/sec (189896 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1213478.25 ops/sec Duration: 4.120 seconds Latency (avg): 6548.07 μs Latency (stddev): 662.80 μs Latency (CV): 10.12% Latency (p50): 6619.00 μs Latency (p95): 7054.00 μs Latency (p99): 7378.00 μs Latency (min): 1031.00 μs Latency (max): 9030.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3490045.18 ops/sec Duration: 0.054 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 342.40 MB Peak VMS: 912.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 8.854 seconds CPU System Time: 21.242 seconds CPU Utilization: 720.6% Database Size: 3.09 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.01x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 705397.60 ops/sec Duration: 7.088 seconds Latency (avg): 11333.47 μs Latency (stddev): 715.89 μs Latency (CV): 6.32% Latency (p50): 11375.00 μs Latency (p95): 12353.00 μs Latency (p99): 13284.00 μs Latency (min): 6441.00 μs Latency (max): 14634.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 1263320.36 ops/sec Duration: 0.150 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 151.65 MB Peak VMS: 1258.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 583.35 MB CPU User Time: 20.719 seconds CPU System Time: 1.688 seconds CPU Utilization: 309.5% Database Size: 40.63 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.05x Space Amplification: 0.07x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.72x faster (1213478 vs 705398 ops/sec) ITER: 2.76x faster (3490045 vs 1263320 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 6548.07 μs vs 11333.47 μs PUT p99: 7378.00 μs vs 13284.00 μs PUT max: 9030.00 μs vs 14634.00 μs PUT CV: 10.12% vs 6.32% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 342.40 MB vs 151.65 MB Peak VMS: 912.80 MB vs 1258.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 583.35 MB CPU User Time: 8.854 s vs 20.719 s CPU System Time: 21.242 s vs 1.688 s CPU Utilization: 720.6% vs 309.5% Database Size: 3.09 MB vs 40.63 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.05x Space Amplification: 0.01x vs 0.07x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Mixed (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: mixed_zipfian_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Mixed Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1216409.76 ops/sec GET: 1224599.96 ops/sec ITER: 4836442.77 ops/sec (190019 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 701358.57 ops/sec GET: 1195502.71 ops/sec ITER: 2173801.00 ops/sec (190638 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1216409.76 ops/sec Duration: 4.110 seconds Latency (avg): 6510.71 μs Latency (stddev): 754.59 μs Latency (CV): 11.59% Latency (p50): 6598.00 μs Latency (p95): 7096.00 μs Latency (p99): 7550.00 μs Latency (min): 1016.00 μs Latency (max): 10038.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1224599.96 ops/sec Duration: 4.083 seconds Latency (avg): 1.13 μs Latency (stddev): 0.78 μs Latency (CV): 69.14% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 2.00 μs Latency (p99): 4.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 70.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4836442.77 ops/sec Duration: 0.039 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 380.54 MB Peak VMS: 1014.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 20.632 seconds CPU System Time: 39.240 seconds CPU Utilization: 686.9% Database Size: 3.09 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.01x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 701358.57 ops/sec Duration: 7.129 seconds Latency (avg): 11397.95 μs Latency (stddev): 617.10 μs Latency (CV): 5.41% Latency (p50): 11461.00 μs Latency (p95): 12271.00 μs Latency (p99): 12499.00 μs Latency (min): 6412.00 μs Latency (max): 15965.00 μs GET Operations: Throughput: 1195502.71 ops/sec Duration: 4.182 seconds Latency (avg): 1.61 μs Latency (stddev): 1.14 μs Latency (CV): 70.70% Latency (p50): 1.00 μs Latency (p95): 3.00 μs Latency (p99): 6.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 102.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2173801.00 ops/sec Duration: 0.088 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 187.08 MB Peak VMS: 1279.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 583.40 MB CPU User Time: 34.766 seconds CPU System Time: 17.939 seconds CPU Utilization: 442.9% Database Size: 41.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.05x Space Amplification: 0.07x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.73x faster (1216410 vs 701359 ops/sec) GET: 1.02x faster (1224600 vs 1195503 ops/sec) ITER: 2.22x faster (4836443 vs 2173801 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 6510.71 μs vs 11397.95 μs PUT p99: 7550.00 μs vs 12499.00 μs PUT max: 10038.00 μs vs 15965.00 μs PUT CV: 11.59% vs 5.41% GET avg: 1.13 μs vs 1.61 μs GET p99: 4.00 μs vs 6.00 μs GET max: 70.00 μs vs 102.00 μs GET CV: 69.14% vs 70.70% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 380.54 MB vs 187.08 MB Peak VMS: 1014.98 MB vs 1279.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB vs 583.40 MB CPU User Time: 20.632 s vs 34.766 s CPU System Time: 39.240 s vs 17.939 s CPU Utilization: 686.9% vs 442.9% Database Size: 3.09 MB vs 41.31 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.04x vs 1.05x Space Amplification: 0.01x vs 0.07x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 6. Delete Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Delete (5M ops, 8 threads, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3633757.90 ops/sec ITER: 3795821.35 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3633757.90 ops/sec Duration: 1.376 seconds Latency (avg): 2108.62 μs Latency (stddev): 395.82 μs Latency (CV): 18.77% Latency (p50): 2123.00 μs Latency (p95): 2696.00 μs Latency (p99): 2891.00 μs Latency (min): 790.00 μs Latency (max): 6558.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3795821.35 ops/sec Duration: 1.292 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1059.85 MB Peak VMS: 1781.13 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 607.33 MB CPU User Time: 12.364 seconds CPU System Time: 1.213 seconds CPU Utilization: 508.6% Database Size: 47.02 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4173424.14 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 4173424.14 ops/sec Duration: 1.198 seconds Latency (avg): 1804.77 μs Latency (stddev): 451.37 μs Latency (CV): 25.01% Latency (p50): 1819.00 μs Latency (p95): 2323.00 μs Latency (p99): 2483.00 μs Latency (min): 784.00 μs Latency (max): 7519.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 726.80 MB Peak VMS: 1518.98 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 9.997 seconds CPU System Time: 0.598 seconds CPU Utilization: 380.6% Database Size: 48.44 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 687270.49 ops/sec ITER: 2193998.89 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 687270.49 ops/sec Duration: 7.275 seconds Latency (avg): 11629.82 μs Latency (stddev): 935.61 μs Latency (CV): 8.04% Latency (p50): 11744.00 μs Latency (p95): 12911.00 μs Latency (p99): 13144.00 μs Latency (min): 2255.00 μs Latency (max): 15308.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2193998.89 ops/sec Duration: 2.235 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 228.14 MB Peak VMS: 1296.39 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 710.21 MB CPU User Time: 23.381 seconds CPU System Time: 1.634 seconds CPU Utilization: 262.8% Database Size: 90.06 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.28x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_random_5M_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1630698.88 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1630698.88 ops/sec Duration: 3.066 seconds Latency (avg): 4889.13 μs Latency (stddev): 589.64 μs Latency (CV): 12.06% Latency (p50): 4946.00 μs Latency (p95): 5491.00 μs Latency (p99): 5711.00 μs Latency (min): 1539.00 μs Latency (max): 12410.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 138.05 MB Peak VMS: 1296.25 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 167.03 MB CPU User Time: 18.994 seconds CPU System Time: 0.937 seconds CPU Utilization: 334.0% Database Size: 71.93 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.30x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 7. Large Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Large Values (1M ops, 256B key, 4KB value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_large_values_1M_k256_v4096_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 327786.74 ops/sec ITER: 704944.69 ops/sec (1000000 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 77801.75 ops/sec ITER: 188080.86 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 256 bytes Value Size: 4096 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 327786.74 ops/sec Duration: 3.051 seconds Latency (avg): 24310.72 μs Latency (stddev): 6026.70 μs Latency (CV): 24.79% Latency (p50): 23773.00 μs Latency (p95): 27795.00 μs Latency (p99): 32450.00 μs Latency (min): 18796.00 μs Latency (max): 97649.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 704944.69 ops/sec Duration: 1.419 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 3344.04 MB Peak VMS: 4220.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4384.28 MB CPU User Time: 21.302 seconds CPU System Time: 8.621 seconds CPU Utilization: 669.4% Database Size: 302.61 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.06x Space Amplification: 0.07x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 77801.75 ops/sec Duration: 12.853 seconds Latency (avg): 101849.50 μs Latency (stddev): 7877.37 μs Latency (CV): 7.73% Latency (p50): 103713.00 μs Latency (p95): 110449.00 μs Latency (p99): 114397.00 μs Latency (min): 36913.00 μs Latency (max): 131516.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 188080.86 ops/sec Duration: 5.317 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 984.16 MB Peak VMS: 1583.23 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 5423.07 MB CPU User Time: 57.112 seconds CPU System Time: 11.736 seconds CPU Utilization: 378.9% Database Size: 346.95 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.31x Space Amplification: 0.08x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 4.21x faster (327787 vs 77802 ops/sec) ITER: 3.75x faster (704945 vs 188081 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 24310.72 μs vs 101849.50 μs PUT p99: 32450.00 μs vs 114397.00 μs PUT max: 97649.00 μs vs 131516.00 μs PUT CV: 24.79% vs 7.73% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 3344.04 MB vs 984.16 MB Peak VMS: 4220.48 MB vs 1583.23 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4384.28 MB vs 5423.07 MB CPU User Time: 21.302 s vs 57.112 s CPU System Time: 8.621 s vs 11.736 s CPU Utilization: 669.4% vs 378.9% Database Size: 302.61 MB vs 346.95 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.06x vs 1.31x Space Amplification: 0.07x vs 0.08x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 8. Small Value Performance (Batched) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Small Values (50M ops, 16B key, 64B value, batch=1000) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 50000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: write_small_values_50M_k16_v64_t8_b1000 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2704815.97 ops/sec ITER: 4626988.46 ops/sec (49016960 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 747530.89 ops/sec ITER: 2259798.53 ops/sec (49016960 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 50000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 64 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2704815.97 ops/sec Duration: 18.486 seconds Latency (avg): 2831.11 μs Latency (stddev): 789.20 μs Latency (CV): 27.88% Latency (p50): 2826.00 μs Latency (p95): 4161.00 μs Latency (p99): 5050.00 μs Latency (min): 671.00 μs Latency (max): 8808.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4626988.46 ops/sec Duration: 10.594 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 7131.98 MB Peak VMS: 10633.48 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4790.53 MB CPU User Time: 179.618 seconds CPU System Time: 10.195 seconds CPU Utilization: 651.6% Database Size: 528.70 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.26x Space Amplification: 0.14x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 747530.89 ops/sec Duration: 66.887 seconds Latency (avg): 10700.76 μs Latency (stddev): 919.11 μs Latency (CV): 8.59% Latency (p50): 10811.00 μs Latency (p95): 11979.00 μs Latency (p99): 12310.00 μs Latency (min): 7437.00 μs Latency (max): 33303.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2259798.53 ops/sec Duration: 21.691 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1265.87 MB Peak VMS: 2049.36 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 6912.66 MB CPU User Time: 288.624 seconds CPU System Time: 13.295 seconds CPU Utilization: 340.6% Database Size: 587.22 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.81x Space Amplification: 0.15x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 3.62x faster (2704816 vs 747531 ops/sec) ITER: 2.05x faster (4626988 vs 2259799 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2831.11 μs vs 10700.76 μs PUT p99: 5050.00 μs vs 12310.00 μs PUT max: 8808.00 μs vs 33303.00 μs PUT CV: 27.88% vs 8.59% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 7131.98 MB vs 1265.87 MB Peak VMS: 10633.48 MB vs 2049.36 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 4790.53 MB vs 6912.66 MB CPU User Time: 179.618 s vs 288.624 s CPU System Time: 10.195 s vs 13.295 s CPU Utilization: 651.6% vs 340.6% Database Size: 528.70 MB vs 587.22 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.26x vs 1.81x Space Amplification: 0.14x vs 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 9. Batch Size Comparison ### Testing impact of different batch sizes on write performance *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1 (no batching, 10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: batch_1_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 354465.94 ops/sec ITER: 7551360.54 ops/sec (9621415 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 321843.94 ops/sec ITER: 2446229.01 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 354465.94 ops/sec Duration: 28.211 seconds Latency (avg): 21.81 μs Latency (stddev): 19.74 μs Latency (CV): 90.52% Latency (p50): 22.00 μs Latency (p95): 27.00 μs Latency (p99): 31.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 21269.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 7551360.54 ops/sec Duration: 1.274 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1236.45 MB Peak VMS: 2281.10 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1574.39 MB CPU User Time: 39.551 seconds CPU System Time: 198.276 seconds CPU Utilization: 775.9% Database Size: 112.09 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.42x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 321843.94 ops/sec Duration: 31.071 seconds Latency (avg): 24.06 μs Latency (stddev): 2.58 μs Latency (CV): 10.70% Latency (p50): 24.00 μs Latency (p95): 28.00 μs Latency (p99): 31.00 μs Latency (min): 6.00 μs Latency (max): 344.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2446229.01 ops/sec Duration: 3.933 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1503.01 MB Peak VMS: 1976.14 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1667.35 MB CPU User Time: 135.099 seconds CPU System Time: 142.707 seconds CPU Utilization: 767.9% Database Size: 116.11 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.51x Space Amplification: 0.10x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.10x faster (354466 vs 321844 ops/sec) ITER: 3.09x faster (7551361 vs 2446229 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 21.81 μs vs 24.06 μs PUT p99: 31.00 μs vs 31.00 μs PUT max: 21269.00 μs vs 344.00 μs PUT CV: 90.52% vs 10.70% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1236.45 MB vs 1503.01 MB Peak VMS: 2281.10 MB vs 1976.14 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1574.39 MB vs 1667.35 MB CPU User Time: 39.551 s vs 135.099 s CPU System Time: 198.276 s vs 142.707 s CPU Utilization: 775.9% vs 767.9% Database Size: 112.09 MB vs 116.11 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.42x vs 1.51x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10 Test Name: batch_10_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2248875.90 ops/sec ITER: 4742683.19 ops/sec (9621415 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1216685.48 ops/sec ITER: 2167928.21 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2248875.90 ops/sec Duration: 4.447 seconds Latency (avg): 33.73 μs Latency (stddev): 102.71 μs Latency (CV): 304.50% Latency (p50): 32.00 μs Latency (p95): 45.00 μs Latency (p99): 54.00 μs Latency (min): 9.00 μs Latency (max): 38464.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4742683.19 ops/sec Duration: 2.029 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2131.63 MB Peak VMS: 3122.79 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1351.40 MB CPU User Time: 30.710 seconds CPU System Time: 12.888 seconds CPU Utilization: 656.4% Database Size: 111.79 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.22x Space Amplification: 0.10x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1216685.48 ops/sec Duration: 8.219 seconds Latency (avg): 65.55 μs Latency (stddev): 10.64 μs Latency (CV): 16.23% Latency (p50): 65.00 μs Latency (p95): 77.00 μs Latency (p99): 85.00 μs Latency (min): 18.00 μs Latency (max): 7491.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2167928.21 ops/sec Duration: 4.438 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1146.90 MB Peak VMS: 1854.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1526.56 MB CPU User Time: 51.385 seconds CPU System Time: 35.464 seconds CPU Utilization: 679.3% Database Size: 145.13 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 1.85x faster (2248876 vs 1216685 ops/sec) ITER: 2.19x faster (4742683 vs 2167928 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 33.73 μs vs 65.55 μs PUT p99: 54.00 μs vs 85.00 μs PUT max: 38464.00 μs vs 7491.00 μs PUT CV: 304.50% vs 16.23% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2131.63 MB vs 1146.90 MB Peak VMS: 3122.79 MB vs 1854.81 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1351.40 MB vs 1526.56 MB CPU User Time: 30.710 s vs 51.385 s CPU System Time: 12.888 s vs 35.464 s CPU Utilization: 656.4% vs 679.3% Database Size: 111.79 MB vs 145.13 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.22x vs 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.10x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 100 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: batch_100_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3011185.65 ops/sec ITER: 3365963.57 ops/sec (9621415 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1103013.28 ops/sec ITER: 2222505.45 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3011185.65 ops/sec Duration: 3.321 seconds Latency (avg): 248.40 μs Latency (stddev): 67.82 μs Latency (CV): 27.30% Latency (p50): 250.00 μs Latency (p95): 329.00 μs Latency (p99): 365.00 μs Latency (min): 91.00 μs Latency (max): 10922.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3365963.57 ops/sec Duration: 2.858 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2092.10 MB Peak VMS: 3017.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1230.32 MB CPU User Time: 27.482 seconds CPU System Time: 3.325 seconds CPU Utilization: 496.8% Database Size: 102.65 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.09x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 1103013.28 ops/sec Duration: 9.066 seconds Latency (avg): 724.54 μs Latency (stddev): 108.45 μs Latency (CV): 14.97% Latency (p50): 738.00 μs Latency (p95): 897.00 μs Latency (p99): 947.00 μs Latency (min): 165.00 μs Latency (max): 7081.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2222505.45 ops/sec Duration: 4.329 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1857.68 MB Peak VMS: 2442.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1524.27 MB CPU User Time: 52.706 seconds CPU System Time: 6.267 seconds CPU Utilization: 438.9% Database Size: 163.29 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.15x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 2.73x faster (3011186 vs 1103013 ops/sec) ITER: 1.51x faster (3365964 vs 2222505 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 248.40 μs vs 724.54 μs PUT p99: 365.00 μs vs 947.00 μs PUT max: 10922.00 μs vs 7081.00 μs PUT CV: 27.30% vs 14.97% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2092.10 MB vs 1857.68 MB Peak VMS: 3017.44 MB vs 2442.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1230.32 MB vs 1524.27 MB CPU User Time: 27.482 s vs 52.706 s CPU System Time: 3.325 s vs 6.267 s CPU Utilization: 496.8% vs 438.9% Database Size: 102.65 MB vs 163.29 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.11x vs 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.09x vs 0.15x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 1000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: batch_1000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3019687.46 ops/sec ITER: 2955079.87 ops/sec (9621415 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 694383.49 ops/sec ITER: 2267608.98 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3019687.46 ops/sec Duration: 3.312 seconds Latency (avg): 2501.91 μs Latency (stddev): 522.81 μs Latency (CV): 20.90% Latency (p50): 2564.00 μs Latency (p95): 3262.00 μs Latency (p99): 3518.00 μs Latency (min): 840.00 μs Latency (max): 12910.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2955079.87 ops/sec Duration: 3.256 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 2344.83 MB Peak VMS: 3291.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1216.91 MB CPU User Time: 29.702 seconds CPU System Time: 2.481 seconds CPU Utilization: 489.8% Database Size: 93.07 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 694383.49 ops/sec Duration: 14.401 seconds Latency (avg): 11516.42 μs Latency (stddev): 819.57 μs Latency (CV): 7.12% Latency (p50): 11665.00 μs Latency (p95): 12623.00 μs Latency (p99): 13015.00 μs Latency (min): 2524.00 μs Latency (max): 13900.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2267608.98 ops/sec Duration: 4.243 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 912.72 MB Peak VMS: 1806.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1553.30 MB CPU User Time: 53.417 seconds CPU System Time: 2.954 seconds CPU Utilization: 302.3% Database Size: 150.52 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.14x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 4.35x faster (3019687 vs 694383 ops/sec) ITER: 1.30x faster (2955080 vs 2267609 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 2501.91 μs vs 11516.42 μs PUT p99: 3518.00 μs vs 13015.00 μs PUT max: 12910.00 μs vs 13900.00 μs PUT CV: 20.90% vs 7.12% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 2344.83 MB vs 912.72 MB Peak VMS: 3291.44 MB vs 1806.20 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1216.91 MB vs 1553.30 MB CPU User Time: 29.702 s vs 53.417 s CPU System Time: 2.481 s vs 2.954 s CPU Utilization: 489.8% vs 302.3% Database Size: 93.07 MB vs 150.52 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.10x vs 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.14x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Batch Size 10000 (10M ops) *------------------------------------------* Running TidesDB (with RocksDB baseline)... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 10000 Test Name: batch_10000_10M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 2328076.23 ops/sec ITER: 3840453.43 ops/sec (9621415 keys) === Cleaning database for baseline comparison === === Running rocksdb Baseline === Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 465228.71 ops/sec ITER: 2601987.93 ops/sec (9621415 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 10000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 2328076.23 ops/sec Duration: 4.295 seconds Latency (avg): 32975.12 μs Latency (stddev): 6115.44 μs Latency (CV): 18.55% Latency (p50): 34079.00 μs Latency (p95): 41023.00 μs Latency (p99): 43255.00 μs Latency (min): 11613.00 μs Latency (max): 47915.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3840453.43 ops/sec Duration: 2.505 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1921.08 MB Peak VMS: 2958.84 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1268.16 MB CPU User Time: 39.799 seconds CPU System Time: 2.377 seconds CPU Utilization: 617.7% Database Size: 84.30 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.15x Space Amplification: 0.08x === rocksdb (v11.0.4) Baseline Results === PUT Operations: Throughput: 465228.71 ops/sec Duration: 21.495 seconds Latency (avg): 171391.51 μs Latency (stddev): 17977.84 μs Latency (CV): 10.49% Latency (p50): 172720.00 μs Latency (p95): 196582.00 μs Latency (p99): 201495.00 μs Latency (min): 16542.00 μs Latency (max): 203702.00 μs ITER Operations: Throughput: 2601987.93 ops/sec Duration: 3.698 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 765.15 MB Peak VMS: 1552.51 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1548.75 MB CPU User Time: 49.588 seconds CPU System Time: 2.750 seconds CPU Utilization: 207.7% Database Size: 139.36 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.13x === Comparison: tidesdb vs rocksdb === Throughput Comparison: PUT: 5.00x faster (2328076 vs 465229 ops/sec) ITER: 1.48x faster (3840453 vs 2601988 ops/sec) Latency Comparison (lower is better): PUT avg: 32975.12 μs vs 171391.51 μs PUT p99: 43255.00 μs vs 201495.00 μs PUT max: 47915.00 μs vs 203702.00 μs PUT CV: 18.55% vs 10.49% Resource Comparison: Peak RSS: 1921.08 MB vs 765.15 MB Peak VMS: 2958.84 MB vs 1552.51 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB vs 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 1268.16 MB vs 1548.75 MB CPU User Time: 39.799 s vs 49.588 s CPU System Time: 2.377 s vs 2.750 s CPU Utilization: 617.7% vs 207.7% Database Size: 84.30 MB vs 139.36 MB Amplification Comparison: Write Amplification: 1.15x vs 1.40x Space Amplification: 0.08x vs 0.13x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 10. Batch Size Impact on Deletes ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 351683.89 ops/sec ITER: 5371232.80 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 351683.89 ops/sec Duration: 14.217 seconds Latency (avg): 21.98 μs Latency (stddev): 22.45 μs Latency (CV): 102.13% Latency (p50): 22.00 μs Latency (p95): 27.00 μs Latency (p99): 31.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 34937.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5371232.80 ops/sec Duration: 0.913 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1180.32 MB Peak VMS: 1974.72 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 757.31 MB CPU User Time: 17.697 seconds CPU System Time: 100.582 seconds CPU Utilization: 753.5% Database Size: 57.57 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.37x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 388546.19 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 388546.19 ops/sec Duration: 12.868 seconds Latency (avg): 20.13 μs Latency (stddev): 5.41 μs Latency (CV): 26.89% Latency (p50): 20.00 μs Latency (p95): 26.00 μs Latency (p99): 29.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 2121.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1188.71 MB Peak VMS: 2045.30 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 185.97 MB CPU User Time: 16.685 seconds CPU System Time: 88.462 seconds CPU Utilization: 687.6% Database Size: 56.58 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.34x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 312085.00 ops/sec ITER: 2619989.82 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 312085.00 ops/sec Duration: 16.021 seconds Latency (avg): 24.81 μs Latency (stddev): 2.74 μs Latency (CV): 11.05% Latency (p50): 25.00 μs Latency (p95): 29.00 μs Latency (p99): 33.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 340.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2619989.82 ops/sec Duration: 1.872 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 259.49 MB Peak VMS: 1295.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 735.13 MB CPU User Time: 64.614 seconds CPU System Time: 72.318 seconds CPU Utilization: 741.0% Database Size: 89.60 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.33x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: delete_batch_1_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 364286.04 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 364286.04 ops/sec Duration: 13.725 seconds Latency (avg): 21.47 μs Latency (stddev): 2.19 μs Latency (CV): 10.21% Latency (p50): 21.00 μs Latency (p95): 25.00 μs Latency (p99): 28.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 307.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 164.99 MB Peak VMS: 1295.52 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 189.87 MB CPU User Time: 56.019 seconds CPU System Time: 60.837 seconds CPU Utilization: 734.5% Database Size: 77.72 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.34x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=100 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3370539.60 ops/sec ITER: 4218498.25 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3370539.60 ops/sec Duration: 1.483 seconds Latency (avg): 223.03 μs Latency (stddev): 121.92 μs Latency (CV): 54.67% Latency (p50): 221.00 μs Latency (p95): 293.00 μs Latency (p99): 324.00 μs Latency (min): 101.00 μs Latency (max): 17747.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4218498.25 ops/sec Duration: 1.162 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1057.97 MB Peak VMS: 1767.60 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 612.12 MB CPU User Time: 12.300 seconds CPU System Time: 1.490 seconds CPU Utilization: 520.0% Database Size: 54.96 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.11x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4235924.02 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 4235924.02 ops/sec Duration: 1.180 seconds Latency (avg): 184.03 μs Latency (stddev): 51.28 μs Latency (CV): 27.86% Latency (p50): 186.00 μs Latency (p95): 241.00 μs Latency (p99): 259.00 μs Latency (min): 82.00 μs Latency (max): 3297.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1186.02 MB Peak VMS: 1976.29 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 105.67 MB CPU User Time: 10.145 seconds CPU System Time: 0.921 seconds CPU Utilization: 362.4% Database Size: 52.11 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.19x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 1272465.70 ops/sec ITER: 2136066.20 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1272465.70 ops/sec Duration: 3.929 seconds Latency (avg): 628.05 μs Latency (stddev): 174.05 μs Latency (CV): 27.71% Latency (p50): 631.00 μs Latency (p95): 765.00 μs Latency (p99): 803.00 μs Latency (min): 152.00 μs Latency (max): 7382.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2136066.20 ops/sec Duration: 2.296 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 200.98 MB Peak VMS: 1296.23 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 713.27 MB CPU User Time: 22.859 seconds CPU System Time: 3.315 seconds CPU Utilization: 418.9% Database Size: 89.15 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.29x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 100 Test Name: delete_batch_100_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1511356.64 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1511356.64 ops/sec Duration: 3.308 seconds Latency (avg): 528.93 μs Latency (stddev): 98.42 μs Latency (CV): 18.61% Latency (p50): 533.00 μs Latency (p95): 597.00 μs Latency (p99): 624.00 μs Latency (min): 129.00 μs Latency (max): 7135.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 201.84 MB Peak VMS: 1360.30 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 168.18 MB CPU User Time: 19.728 seconds CPU System Time: 2.325 seconds CPU Utilization: 356.6% Database Size: 74.97 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.30x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Delete Batch=1000 (5M ops) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3552400.39 ops/sec ITER: 3846862.85 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3552400.39 ops/sec Duration: 1.407 seconds Latency (avg): 2083.80 μs Latency (stddev): 423.51 μs Latency (CV): 20.32% Latency (p50): 2090.00 μs Latency (p95): 2657.00 μs Latency (p99): 2820.00 μs Latency (min): 799.00 μs Latency (max): 13079.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3846862.85 ops/sec Duration: 1.275 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1033.36 MB Peak VMS: 1748.21 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 605.21 MB CPU User Time: 11.951 seconds CPU System Time: 1.259 seconds CPU Utilization: 492.2% Database Size: 47.26 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 4134120.80 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 4134120.80 ops/sec Duration: 1.209 seconds Latency (avg): 1722.01 μs Latency (stddev): 380.18 μs Latency (CV): 22.08% Latency (p50): 1713.00 μs Latency (p95): 2337.00 μs Latency (p99): 2453.00 μs Latency (min): 747.00 μs Latency (max): 3637.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 725.71 MB Peak VMS: 1514.50 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 100.21 MB CPU User Time: 9.662 seconds CPU System Time: 0.555 seconds CPU Utilization: 360.8% Database Size: 48.86 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.18x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 692375.97 ops/sec ITER: 2156620.61 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 692375.97 ops/sec Duration: 7.222 seconds Latency (avg): 11545.48 μs Latency (stddev): 762.27 μs Latency (CV): 6.60% Latency (p50): 11633.00 μs Latency (p95): 12576.00 μs Latency (p99): 12896.00 μs Latency (min): 2574.00 μs Latency (max): 15728.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2156620.61 ops/sec Duration: 2.274 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 208.48 MB Peak VMS: 1296.26 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 709.87 MB CPU User Time: 23.603 seconds CPU System Time: 1.619 seconds CPU Utilization: 265.4% Database Size: 91.11 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.28x Space Amplification: 0.16x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB delete test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: delete_batch_1000_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Delete-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... DELETE: [8 threads started] ..............................................................[T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1660397.56 ops/sec ITER: 0.00 ops/sec (0 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes DELETE Operations: Throughput: 1660397.56 ops/sec Duration: 3.011 seconds Latency (avg): 4801.02 μs Latency (stddev): 715.57 μs Latency (CV): 14.90% Latency (p50): 4799.00 μs Latency (p95): 5603.00 μs Latency (p99): 5862.00 μs Latency (min): 952.00 μs Latency (max): 12881.00 μs Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 126.38 MB Peak VMS: 1296.18 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 166.64 MB CPU User Time: 18.814 seconds CPU System Time: 0.972 seconds CPU Utilization: 333.1% Database Size: 71.50 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 0.30x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 11. Seek Performance (Block Index Effectiveness) ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Random Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3395516.56 ops/sec ITER: 3865431.89 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3395516.56 ops/sec Duration: 1.473 seconds Latency (avg): 2081.69 μs Latency (stddev): 432.68 μs Latency (CV): 20.79% Latency (p50): 2081.00 μs Latency (p95): 2797.00 μs Latency (p99): 3004.00 μs Latency (min): 807.00 μs Latency (max): 6068.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3865431.89 ops/sec Duration: 1.269 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1039.07 MB Peak VMS: 1745.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 604.70 MB CPU User Time: 12.006 seconds CPU System Time: 1.238 seconds CPU Utilization: 482.9% Database Size: 47.20 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 7013380.13 ops/sec ITER: 5839921.07 ops/sec (467620 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 7013380.13 ops/sec Duration: 0.713 seconds Latency (avg): 0.67 μs Latency (stddev): 24.13 μs Latency (CV): 3616.15% Latency (p50): 0.00 μs Latency (p95): 1.00 μs Latency (p99): 1.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 37888.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 5839921.07 ops/sec Duration: 0.080 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 719.59 MB Peak VMS: 2316.32 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 4.374 seconds CPU System Time: 0.787 seconds CPU Utilization: 416.2% Database Size: 47.20 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 682157.56 ops/sec ITER: 2174021.95 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 682157.56 ops/sec Duration: 7.330 seconds Latency (avg): 11717.10 μs Latency (stddev): 887.58 μs Latency (CV): 7.58% Latency (p50): 11857.00 μs Latency (p95): 12975.00 μs Latency (p99): 13189.00 μs Latency (min): 1864.00 μs Latency (max): 14066.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2174021.95 ops/sec Duration: 2.256 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 197.16 MB Peak VMS: 1296.27 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 709.51 MB CPU User Time: 23.497 seconds CPU System Time: 1.655 seconds CPU Utilization: 262.1% Database Size: 92.02 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.28x Space Amplification: 0.17x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_random_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 371856.36 ops/sec ITER: 2615463.88 ops/sec (4904000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 371856.36 ops/sec Duration: 13.446 seconds Latency (avg): 20.62 μs Latency (stddev): 8.65 μs Latency (CV): 41.95% Latency (p50): 19.00 μs Latency (p95): 34.00 μs Latency (p99): 43.00 μs Latency (min): 6.00 μs Latency (max): 1276.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2615463.88 ops/sec Duration: 1.875 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 196.73 MB Peak VMS: 1302.88 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 90.525 seconds CPU System Time: 14.994 seconds CPU Utilization: 664.1% Database Size: 62.19 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 7893893.44 ops/sec ITER: 10624847.27 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 7893893.44 ops/sec Duration: 0.633 seconds Latency (avg): 979.21 μs Latency (stddev): 245.69 μs Latency (CV): 25.09% Latency (p50): 959.00 μs Latency (p95): 1155.00 μs Latency (p99): 1775.00 μs Latency (min): 701.00 μs Latency (max): 11528.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 10624847.27 ops/sec Duration: 0.471 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 1071.00 MB Peak VMS: 1824.44 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 609.68 MB CPU User Time: 4.858 seconds CPU System Time: 1.380 seconds CPU Utilization: 564.6% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.10x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 954726.67 ops/sec ITER: 6536733.83 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 954726.67 ops/sec Duration: 5.237 seconds Latency (avg): 5.80 μs Latency (stddev): 210.30 μs Latency (CV): 3626.50% Latency (p50): 0.00 μs Latency (p95): 1.00 μs Latency (p99): 1.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 26812.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 6536733.83 ops/sec Duration: 0.765 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 471.02 MB Peak VMS: 1057.24 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 3.971 seconds CPU System Time: 26.884 seconds CPU Utilization: 480.7% Database Size: 55.31 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 804265.44 ops/sec ITER: 2708454.88 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 804265.44 ops/sec Duration: 6.217 seconds Latency (avg): 9940.23 μs Latency (stddev): 761.30 μs Latency (CV): 7.66% Latency (p50): 9974.00 μs Latency (p95): 11161.00 μs Latency (p99): 11635.00 μs Latency (min): 2068.00 μs Latency (max): 14186.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2708454.88 ops/sec Duration: 1.846 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 201.36 MB Peak VMS: 1295.49 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 764.37 MB CPU User Time: 20.456 seconds CPU System Time: 1.502 seconds CPU Utilization: 271.9% Database Size: 119.66 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.38x Space Amplification: 0.22x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_seq_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1549071.97 ops/sec ITER: 2833887.17 ops/sec (5000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1549071.97 ops/sec Duration: 3.228 seconds Latency (avg): 4.55 μs Latency (stddev): 1.92 μs Latency (CV): 42.25% Latency (p50): 4.00 μs Latency (p95): 6.00 μs Latency (p99): 12.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 936.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2833887.17 ops/sec Duration: 1.764 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 170.44 MB Peak VMS: 1303.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 25.811 seconds CPU System Time: 0.380 seconds CPU Utilization: 481.2% Database Size: 91.66 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Zipfian Seek (5M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 1202696.16 ops/sec ITER: 3528934.37 ops/sec (190019 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 1202696.16 ops/sec Duration: 4.157 seconds Latency (avg): 6630.90 μs Latency (stddev): 387.32 μs Latency (CV): 5.84% Latency (p50): 6650.00 μs Latency (p95): 7047.00 μs Latency (p99): 7292.00 μs Latency (min): 1003.00 μs Latency (max): 8549.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 3528934.37 ops/sec Duration: 0.054 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 342.53 MB Peak VMS: 912.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 576.93 MB CPU User Time: 9.099 seconds CPU System Time: 21.394 seconds CPU Utilization: 723.8% Database Size: 3.09 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.01x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 1253365.29 ops/sec ITER: 1901754.39 ops/sec (4336 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 1253365.29 ops/sec Duration: 3.989 seconds Latency (avg): 0.24 μs Latency (stddev): 2.58 μs Latency (CV): 1061.66% Latency (p50): 0.00 μs Latency (p95): 1.00 μs Latency (p99): 1.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 2221.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1901754.39 ops/sec Duration: 0.002 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 96.45 MB Peak VMS: 1425.61 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 6.757 seconds CPU System Time: 22.672 seconds CPU Utilization: 667.8% Database Size: 3.09 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 687991.94 ops/sec ITER: 1201123.89 ops/sec (190019 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 687991.94 ops/sec Duration: 7.268 seconds Latency (avg): 11618.54 μs Latency (stddev): 686.69 μs Latency (CV): 5.91% Latency (p50): 11744.00 μs Latency (p95): 12492.00 μs Latency (p99): 12870.00 μs Latency (min): 7065.00 μs Latency (max): 16559.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 1201123.89 ops/sec Duration: 0.158 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 122.21 MB Peak VMS: 1258.24 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 583.36 MB CPU User Time: 20.439 seconds CPU System Time: 2.236 seconds CPU Utilization: 305.3% Database Size: 40.51 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.05x Space Amplification: 0.07x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB seek test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: seek_zipfian_5M_t8 Key Pattern: Zipfian (hot keys) Workload: Seek Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... SEEK: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 993232.12 ops/sec ITER: 2688326.75 ops/sec (190019 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 5000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes SEEK Operations: Throughput: 993232.12 ops/sec Duration: 5.034 seconds Latency (avg): 5.82 μs Latency (stddev): 2.69 μs Latency (CV): 46.18% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 9.00 μs Latency (p99): 11.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 356.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2688326.75 ops/sec Duration: 0.071 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 46.43 MB Peak VMS: 1233.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 34.244 seconds CPU System Time: 4.746 seconds CPU Utilization: 690.5% Database Size: 6.41 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv ### 12. Range Query Performance ### *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3791943.64 ops/sec ITER: 4335126.29 ops/sec (996160 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3791943.64 ops/sec Duration: 0.264 seconds Latency (avg): 2018.21 μs Latency (stddev): 521.64 μs Latency (CV): 25.85% Latency (p50): 2032.00 μs Latency (p95): 2756.00 μs Latency (p99): 3119.00 μs Latency (min): 977.00 μs Latency (max): 12739.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4335126.29 ops/sec Duration: 0.230 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 296.21 MB Peak VMS: 1076.49 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 121.03 MB CPU User Time: 2.203 seconds CPU System Time: 0.277 seconds CPU Utilization: 502.2% Database Size: 9.89 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.09x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 677148.02 ops/sec ITER: 856296.88 ops/sec (4338 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 677148.02 ops/sec Duration: 1.477 seconds Latency (avg): 10.53 μs Latency (stddev): 69.44 μs Latency (CV): 659.21% Latency (p50): 7.00 μs Latency (p95): 8.00 μs Latency (p99): 13.00 μs Latency (min): 1.00 μs Latency (max): 15745.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 856296.88 ops/sec Duration: 0.005 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 557.76 MB Peak VMS: 3282.75 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 7.960 seconds CPU System Time: 2.859 seconds CPU Utilization: 676.3% Database Size: 9.89 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 689909.73 ops/sec ITER: 2445026.42 ops/sec (996160 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 689909.73 ops/sec Duration: 1.449 seconds Latency (avg): 11547.31 μs Latency (stddev): 1036.43 μs Latency (CV): 8.98% Latency (p50): 11744.00 μs Latency (p95): 12360.00 μs Latency (p99): 12578.00 μs Latency (min): 2399.00 μs Latency (max): 18212.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2445026.42 ops/sec Duration: 0.407 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 118.85 MB Peak VMS: 1289.56 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 128.19 MB CPU User Time: 3.857 seconds CPU System Time: 0.366 seconds CPU Utilization: 226.9% Database Size: 21.83 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.16x Space Amplification: 0.20x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 179081.23 ops/sec ITER: 2447693.86 ops/sec (996160 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 179081.23 ops/sec Duration: 5.584 seconds Latency (avg): 44.03 μs Latency (stddev): 14.18 μs Latency (CV): 32.21% Latency (p50): 41.00 μs Latency (p95): 55.00 μs Latency (p99): 73.00 μs Latency (min): 5.00 μs Latency (max): 680.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2447693.86 ops/sec Duration: 0.407 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 157.99 MB Peak VMS: 1295.86 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 43.625 seconds CPU System Time: 1.190 seconds CPU Utilization: 729.6% Database Size: 15.79 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Range Scan 1000 keys (500K ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 3561101.38 ops/sec ITER: 4197489.09 ops/sec (496160 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 3561101.38 ops/sec Duration: 0.140 seconds Latency (avg): 1839.42 μs Latency (stddev): 462.47 μs Latency (CV): 25.14% Latency (p50): 1739.00 μs Latency (p95): 2739.00 μs Latency (p99): 3293.00 μs Latency (min): 753.00 μs Latency (max): 4195.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 4197489.09 ops/sec Duration: 0.118 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 188.04 MB Peak VMS: 912.80 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 57.59 MB CPU User Time: 0.909 seconds CPU System Time: 0.129 seconds CPU Utilization: 401.2% Database Size: 4.73 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.04x Space Amplification: 0.09x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 10960.18 ops/sec ITER: 844539.45 ops/sec (2173 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 10960.18 ops/sec Duration: 45.620 seconds Latency (avg): 706.07 μs Latency (stddev): 481.58 μs Latency (CV): 68.21% Latency (p50): 675.00 μs Latency (p95): 1502.00 μs Latency (p99): 1672.00 μs Latency (min): 2.00 μs Latency (max): 11574.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 844539.45 ops/sec Duration: 0.003 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 355.35 MB Peak VMS: 1233.82 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 20.229 seconds CPU System Time: 333.116 seconds CPU Utilization: 773.5% Database Size: 4.73 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8_populate Key Pattern: Random Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 688728.95 ops/sec ITER: 2747302.03 ops/sec (496160 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 688728.95 ops/sec Duration: 0.726 seconds Latency (avg): 11481.36 μs Latency (stddev): 1127.70 μs Latency (CV): 9.82% Latency (p50): 11876.00 μs Latency (p95): 12576.00 μs Latency (p99): 12888.00 μs Latency (min): 2543.00 μs Latency (max): 12952.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2747302.03 ops/sec Duration: 0.181 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 26.54 MB Peak VMS: 1238.10 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 64.52 MB CPU User Time: 1.852 seconds CPU System Time: 0.171 seconds CPU Utilization: 221.3% Database Size: 11.30 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.17x Space Amplification: 0.20x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 500000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_random_1000_500K_t8 Key Pattern: Random Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 25687.68 ops/sec ITER: 3568572.17 ops/sec (496160 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 500000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 25687.68 ops/sec Duration: 19.465 seconds Latency (avg): 309.54 μs Latency (stddev): 34.51 μs Latency (CV): 11.15% Latency (p50): 309.00 μs Latency (p95): 315.00 μs Latency (p99): 319.00 μs Latency (min): 4.00 μs Latency (max): 2326.00 μs Keys per range: 1000 ITERATION: Throughput: 3568572.17 ops/sec Duration: 0.139 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 80.52 MB Peak VMS: 1234.46 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 154.883 seconds CPU System Time: 0.216 seconds CPU Utilization: 787.5% Database Size: 8.36 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* TEST: Sequential Range Scan 100 keys (1M ops, 8 threads) *------------------------------------------* Populating TidesDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... PUT: 6743133.80 ops/sec ITER: 12745347.95 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 6743133.80 ops/sec Duration: 0.148 seconds Latency (avg): 1113.89 μs Latency (stddev): 522.15 μs Latency (CV): 46.88% Latency (p50): 951.00 μs Latency (p95): 2034.00 μs Latency (p99): 2549.00 μs Latency (min): 794.00 μs Latency (max): 11699.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 12745347.95 ops/sec Duration: 0.078 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 296.38 MB Peak VMS: 1077.78 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 118.61 MB CPU User Time: 0.986 seconds CPU System Time: 0.272 seconds CPU Utilization: 554.2% Database Size: 11.05 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.07x Space Amplification: 0.10x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running TidesDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running TidesDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 30672.12 ops/sec ITER: 5685084.25 ops/sec (159586 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: tidesdb (v9.0.8) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 30672.12 ops/sec Duration: 32.603 seconds Latency (avg): 173.07 μs Latency (stddev): 603.23 μs Latency (CV): 348.55% Latency (p50): 6.00 μs Latency (p95): 1627.00 μs Latency (p99): 3114.00 μs Latency (min): 0.00 μs Latency (max): 11202.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 5685084.25 ops/sec Duration: 0.028 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 250.14 MB Peak VMS: 2020.11 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 12.743 seconds CPU System Time: 160.700 seconds CPU Utilization: 530.2% Database Size: 11.05 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Populating RocksDB for range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1000 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8_populate Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Write-only Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... PUT: 813303.04 ops/sec ITER: 2770474.50 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes PUT Operations: Throughput: 813303.04 ops/sec Duration: 1.230 seconds Latency (avg): 9804.05 μs Latency (stddev): 729.43 μs Latency (CV): 7.44% Latency (p50): 9937.00 μs Latency (p95): 10638.00 μs Latency (p99): 10964.00 μs Latency (min): 1663.00 μs Latency (max): 11311.00 μs ITERATION: Throughput: 2770474.50 ops/sec Duration: 0.361 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 103.73 MB Peak VMS: 1286.08 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 133.35 MB CPU User Time: 3.275 seconds CPU System Time: 0.405 seconds CPU Utilization: 230.6% Database Size: 26.08 MB Amplification Factors: Write Amplification: 1.21x Space Amplification: 0.24x CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv Running RocksDB range test... === TidesDB Storage Engine Benchmarker === Configuration: Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 1000000 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes Threads: 8 Batch Size: 1 Test Name: range_seq_100_1M_t8 Key Pattern: Sequential Workload: Range Query Sync Mode: Disabled (fast) Running RocksDB benchmark... RANGE: [8 threads started] [T0 done] [T1 done] [T2 done] [T3 done] [T4 done] [T5 done] [T6 done] [T7 done] 234859.65 ops/sec ITER: 2596235.98 ops/sec (1000000 keys) **=== Benchmark Results ===** Engine: rocksdb (v11.0.4) Operations: 1000000 Threads: 8 Key Size: 16 bytes Value Size: 100 bytes RANGE Query Operations: Throughput: 234859.65 ops/sec Duration: 4.258 seconds Latency (avg): 33.32 μs Latency (stddev): 3.71 μs Latency (CV): 11.13% Latency (p50): 33.00 μs Latency (p95): 34.00 μs Latency (p99): 43.00 μs Latency (min): 3.00 μs Latency (max): 1415.00 μs Keys per range: 100 ITERATION: Throughput: 2596235.98 ops/sec Duration: 0.385 seconds Resource Usage: Peak RSS: 145.52 MB Peak VMS: 1296.00 MB Disk Reads: 0.00 MB Disk Writes: 0.00 MB CPU User Time: 34.074 seconds CPU System Time: 0.117 seconds CPU Utilization: 716.8% Database Size: 21.04 MB Amplification Factors: CSV exported to: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------* RUNNER Complete Results: Text: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.txt CSV: tidesdb_rocksdb_benchmark_results_20260416_152149.csv *------------------------------------------*